Exam 1 Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What defines a ruminant
A
Has a rumen- pregastric fermentation (pecorans) started off with headgear, multichambered stomach , mammals, ungulates, obligate herbivores
2
Q
Abomasum
A
Gastric secretions
3
Q
Cardia region
A
Does not secrete gastric juices
4
Q
Cattle stomach size
A
200 Liters- have to develop it
5
Q
How big is the stomach compared to the cow
A
Large compared to their body size
6
Q
Peristaltic contraction
A
Occurs in tubular structures, can move in the rear towards the mouth and vice versa
7
Q
Advantages of having a rumen GIT
A
Herbivores, makes undigestible things digestible, nutrient absorption, avoid predators
8
Q
Crepuscular behavior
A
Active when the sun is coming up and going down
9
Q
End products of fermentation
A
VFA’s, microbial crude protein
10
Q
Reticulum
A
Honeycomb shape, reticular paracarditis (hardware disease)- can pierce the heart and inflames the sac around it- encases and traps materials to protect the GIT tract, site of pregastric fermentation
11
Q
What is the name of the rumen and reticulum combined
A
Reticulorume
12
Q
Reticular groove
A
Formed by muscular folds of the reticulum
13
Q
Rumen
A
Primary site of fermentation, has papillae (increases surface area)
14
Q
What percentage of nutrients are absorbed in the rumen
A
50-100% required for maintenance
15
Q
Omasum
A
Latest developing compartment, most variable, acts as a sieve, some absorption of nutrients, lots of water absorption, influential in regulating fluid passage from the rumen
16
Q
Abomasum
A
Gastric secretions, only compartment that produces gastric secretions, HCL, pepsin, has sphincter that regulates digestive flow
17
Q
Symbiosis and the ruminant GIT- ruminants are most successful symbiote
A
Bacteria- ml 1x10 to the 15 , 12 species of protozoa- defaunated (no protozoa), fungi- 100,000 cell/mL
18
Q
Rate of passage
A
Total average retention time, influences levels of intake by the physiological characteristics of feed, related to ruminal volume, chemical characteristics of feed
19
Q
Rate of fermentation and influences
A
How quikly something can be broken down, diversity of microbes, intrinsic characteristics of feed
20
Q
Rumen size is a function of what
A
A linear factor of body weight
21
Q
Allometric scaling equation
A
Used to view rumen size as a function of BW, body size is linearly equated to the size of the rumen
22
Q
Factors that influence fermentation products
A
Microbial community, residence time (related to ruminal volume), rate of fermentation
23
Q
Other end products of fermentation
A
Methane CH3, 25X more potent at trapping solar radiation vs CO2, acetate, butyrate
24
Q
Differnet grazing strategies- account for differnet rumen sizes
A
Browser, grazer, intermediate feeders
25
Browser
Small ruminants, leaves, nuts, fruits- easy to break down, detoxification, can break down carbs
26
Grazer
less selective, leaves, stem/stalk- breakdown of structural carbohydrates
27
Intermediate feeder- sheep
Some browse + leaves/stalks and stems
28
6 nutrients
Carbs, fats, protein, vitamins, minerals, water
29
Composition of gain
Protein decreases as an animal matures while fat increases (has 2.25 x cal)
30
Energy
Abstraaction that is defined as the ability to do work
31
The calorie
1,000 calories= 1kcal=1Cal, 1 Mcal=1,000 kcal= 1,000,000 cal
32
Heiarchy of nutrient use
Maintenace, development (maintenance of the uterus), growth, lactation, reproduction (obtaining a new pregnancy), fattening
33
Metabolic priority
CNS, Immunity, Reproduction, Lactation, adipose, muscle
34
The net energy system
Gross energy (heat of combustion), feces energy, digestible energy, gaseous energy(methane), urine energy, metabolizable energy, heat increment, net energy (used for physiological function)
35
Totally digestible nutrients
Sum of available energy in feed, a percentage
36
How to calculate TDN
Digestible carbs+ digestible protein + 2.25 x digestible fat
37
What is wrong with TDN
Underestimation of energy in concentrates
38
Carb facts- carbs are not required
major form of energy storage in plants, CHO, starches, cellulose, sugar
39
Functions of carbs
Source of energy and heat, building blocks for other nutrients, framework for RNA + DNA, animal body converts to fat for storage energy
40
Monosaccharides
6 carbon sugars- glucose, galactose, fructose, manose-
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What do glucose and galactose do
Make lactose
42
Glycosidic bonds
used to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides
43
Alpha and beta bonds
Starch and cellulose
44
Disaccharides= 2
Sucrose, lactose, maltose (alpha linkage), cellobiose (beta linkage)
45
Oligosaccharides= 3-12
Readily hydrolyzed and digested- raffinose, verbacose- poorly digested by monogastric animals, cannot be enzymatically digested
46
Why add oligosaccharides to the diet?
Fiber like, improve gut health
47
Polysaccharides > 12 sugars
Starch, Amylose (900-3000, linear), Amylopectin (10,000-500,000, branched)
48
Forms of starch
Amylose(minimally branched plant starch), amylopectin (branched plant starch), glycogen (branched animal starch)
49
Cereal grains
Corn, oats, barley, wheat
50
Cellulose
Chain of glucose, 30% of fibrous plants, digested by microbes, lactase
51
What is the major energy source in forages
Cellulose
52
Heteropolysaccharides
Hemicellulose- easily digestible, associated with lignin, pectins- in plant cell walls
53
Lignin
Most signifigant factor limiting availability of plant cell wall to herbivores and microbes, non carbohydrate, increases with plant maturity, plant rigidity
54
How important are CHO's to ruminants
50-80% of forages and grains are CHO's, VFA's from CHO fermentation can provide up to all of the energy needed
55
Types of VFA's
Acetate (50% of rumen proportion by mass), propionate (10-40%), butyrate (2-7%), valerate, caproate
56
Where can aerobic organisms derive energy from
VFA's- they are not fully oxidized (energy cost is considered small)
57
Ruminal VFA absorption
Reticulo-rumen absorbs >75% of VFA, papillae enhance absorption
58
Typical ruminant diets
Forage based (cow calf/stocker) grain based (dairy, feedlot)
59
Cutin
Waxy material, indigestible
60
What is acetate used for
Lipid synthesis, subcutaneous fat, metabolized first (liver)
61
What is propionate used for
Glucose synthesis, intramuscular fat and lactose production
62
What is butyrate used for
Epithelial fuel source, derived from fermentation of branched amino acids
63
Why do we want more propionate production
Increase circulating glucose, insulin, decrease methane production
64
Grain:Forage ratio
Increase rapidly fermentable carbohydrate, can reduce rumination, associated with more acid production and lower pH (ruminal acidosis)
65
Feed processing
Increases rates of digestion-> greater propionate digestion (grinding, flaking)
66
Drugs and chemicals
Ionophores (increase propionate production, ruminal fermentation, feeding frequency) Buffers (increase acid needed to lower pH, ruminal liquid dilution rate)
67
Lactic acidosis
abscessed ilver, coma, death, poor feed intake, reuced growth, founder
68
Post ruminal starch digestion
Limited compared to ruminal fermentation - can provide about 42% more energy than ruminal fermentation
69
Why is postruminal starch digestion limited
pancreatic amylase production BBM enzyme production, fiber is not digested in the small intestine
70
Ruminal pH
6.46, physically effective NDF- particle size that is greater than or equal to 1.2mm
71
Associative effects
Concentrate to forage ratio can have positive or negative associative effects
72
What is protein
An amino acid- 20 of them used in protein- alpha amino acids
73
What is protein used for
protein synthesis- principally feed protein for greater diet
74
What are excess amino acids- multiple stave hypothesis
Amount of protein that can be synthesized depends on the first limiting AA
75
What happens to excess amino acids
Deaminates to NH3 and excretes as urea in urine- C skeleton can be oxidized for ATP production or synthesis of glucose via glucogenesis
76
Amino acids deamination
Glutomate, oxaloacetate, ketoglutarate, aspartate
77
Crude protein system
6.25 X % nitrogen - CP assumes all proteins contain 16% nitrogen
78
Metabolizable protein
Protein that can be metabolized or is available to the body for protein synthesis
79
What does crude protein consist of
Non protein nitrogen (contributes ruminal degradable protein) and true protein (ruminally undegradable protein)
80
What flows out of the rumen- nitrogenous protein that can be digested
Ruminally undegradable protein and Microbial Crude Protein= metabalizable protein
81
Protein needs of ruminants- microbial growth can be limited when there is a limit of protein and energy
a lot of microbes even when protein limits fermentation ruminants typically absorb adequate protein (protein in ruminal microbes)
82
83
Organs important for degradation
Kidneys, salivary glands, skeletal muscle, liver- liver detoxify and creates urea (urea recycling)
84
What is TDNI closely correlated to
Truly fermentable organic matter
85
What things influence rate of disappearance - first order kinetic model
Intrinsic factors in feed, processing factors, particle size, pH of the rumen
86
Net protein
Teue protein from the diet that are used for protein synthesis
87
Biological value
Net protein/ metabolizable protein x 100
88
Why are ruminants so inefficent at capturing AA from diet
Limiting AA
89
What limits protein use by livestock
Body needs the right building blocks, if one is missing the protien cannot be made
90
Most effienet way to decrease nitrogen excretion
Use crystilian amino acids that have been purified by industrial methods
91
What should supplemental amino acids be able to avoid
Diet conditions, mastication, rumen fermentation, should be absorbable
92
Essential amino acids (limit physiological processes)
AA not synthesized in the body in adequate amounts to support protein synthesis
93
Functional amino acids (limit skeletal growth)
AA not synthesized in adequate amounts to support important physiological processes
94
What is milk protein most limited by
Lysine and methionine
95
Why dont we know about AA limits needed for growth?
We more frequently observe limits related to energy
96
Types of water loss
urine (7-9% DM), feces (15-19% DM), sweat (thermoregulation), OVER 50 is through respiration
97
Water requirements
Express water as a function of body weight
98
Factors that influence water intake
Temperature, availablity, dry matter intake (intake lowers with reduced DMI), stages of production (lactation), water quality
99
Water is what
Most esential nutrient- need for growth, reproduction, lactation
100
Squamous cells
have no direction
101
Columnar cells
have direction
102
How much more influential is DMI than temperature
3.5 times more influential
103
Finishing cattle
thermoneutral zone is 40-70 degress fairenheit-> no energetic expenditure
104
water sources
nautral water, grass, snow (8 inches) ,TMR, waterers
105
Waterers
cattle need 1 inch per head of linear trough space-> heat stressed cattle need 2-3 inches per head
106
Toxic compounds
heavy metals, toxic minerals
107
Role of vitamins and minerals
Are the least important nutrients- make people money- co-factors in enzymes
108
What are vitamins
Called vital-amines- essentials ones are fat or lipid soluble
109
Vitamin A (night vision)
Retinol. maintenance (47 IU) growth (60 IU) reproduction (84IU)
110
Vitamin D- calcium absorption
Cholecalciferol- beef (5.7 IU) Dairy (30 IU)
111
Vitamin E- immune response
alpha- tocopherol, can increase amount in times of stress
112
Vitamin K- blood clotting
Dicoumarul (rat poison), menaquinones, phylloquinones (green vegetables)
113
water soluble vitamins- not functionally required
Energy metabolism- Biotin, choline, B12, riboflavin
114
Calcium- overabundance can cause milk fever
Most abundant mineral in the body- membrane permeability, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, hormones, enzymes
115
Dietary cation anion difference
Dairy rations for dry cows
116
Phosphorus- found in bone
Macro-CA:P, energy, DNA,RNA, lipid membranes, don't want an overabundance
117
Magnesium (macro)
Important for energy metabolism- grass tetany
118
Potassium
Important to muscular contraction and nerve impulses - high conentrations can cause grass tetany
119
Sodium and Chlorine- MACRO
Na is the major cation in the body, CL is the anion, nutrient transport, enzyme activity (facilitated, passive diffusion)- want sodium concentration
120
Sulfur-MACRO
Microbial efficency- important for methionine and cystine, thiamine and biotin- hydrogen sulfide Brainer/header (PEM)- interactive with diet fiber level (8%)
121
Chromium-MICRO
Sensetizes insulin responses Glucose tolerance factor
122
Cobalt-MICRO
Component of B12, fat metabolism, if deficient- poor appetite
123
Copper- MICRO
Important for the function of metalloenzymes in vitro
124
Iodine- MICRO
Essential for thyroid hormones
125
Iron- MICRO
Important for myoglobin and hemoglobin- can become anemic without it
126
Manganese- MICRO
Glucogenesis, urea cycling- if deficient inadequate skeletal growth, reduced reproductive success
127
Molybdenum- MICRO
Xanthine and sulfite oxidase
128
Selenium- MICRO
IMportant in glutathionine peroxidase- reduced immune response if deficient
129
Selenosis- overabundance of selenium (over 5mg/kg)
Lamness, anorexia, blind staggers, astragalus and stanleya plants
130
Zinc- MICRO
Important in RNA polymerase, alcohol dehydrogenase- if deficent, alopecia, decreased testicular growth
131
Why ruminate
Avoid predation, convert poor quality forages to high quality energy and meat/milk/wool products
132
Rumen digestion site
Digests structural and non structural carbohydrates, protein, makes VFA's, methane, Co2, Branch chain VFA's, ammonia
133
Small intestine digestion site
Digests lipids, proteins, non structural carbs, makes fatty acids, monosaccharides, di and tri peptides, AA
134
Large intestine digestion site
Digests structural carbs, non structural carbs, protein, makes VFA's, methane, Co2, VFA, ammonia
135
Digestion reaction theory
Reaction rate, digesta retention time, reactor volume, cone reactants
136
rentention time equation
1/passage rate, passage rate is reactor volume/ digesta flow rate
137
Ruminal development
Rumen is not functional in neonates- newborn calves have an esophageal groove (milk bypasses rumen)- transition at 3-12 weeks of age- over 12 weeks is a functional rumen
138
What has to occur to develop a functional rumen
Change in compartment size, develop papillae, microbial inoculation
139
change in compartment size
Abomasum is largest at birth, dietary bulk and age contribute to rumen size
140
Develop papillae
Little impact on age, dietary bulk has little impact, fermentative end products stimulate papillary growth- butyrate
141
Microbial inoculation
Little amounts of microbiota present at birth, bacteria are transferred from mother+soil, protozoa are transferred from mother and herd mates
142
Pregastric fermentation
Ruminants spend 8-10 hours daily ruminating, energy requirment depends on forage quality
143
Rumination layers
Gas cap, mat layer, liquor layer
144
Rumination steps
Regurgitation, resalivation, remastication, redeglutition
145
Eructation- helps maintain homeostasis
Fermentation gases expelled through eructation and respiration (CO2 and methane) more rumination=more belching
146
Value of predicting DMI
Make diets that meet nutrient needs, improved marketing decisions, primary component of performance
147
Control of intake in ruminants- all ruminants eat to a constant energy endpoint when not limited by physical fill
Chemostatic= energy content along with other nutrient signals that contribute to hunger and satiety
Physical fill= available volume of the GIT (rumen)
148
Chemostatic regulation of intake
Regulated by the brain, hormones, adipocytes- the adipocytes secrete leptin and abomasum secretes guralin (leptin has a - response while guralin has a + response on food intake)
149
Role of insulin in intake regulation
Blocks leptin- regulates blood sugar levels- pancreas keeps making insulin and adipocytes become less insulin as their numbers increase which suppresses leptin and causes hunger
150
Chemostatic drivers
Hormone, plasma metabolite, metestatic fuel, adaptive neural response?
151
Physical fill drivers
Distension of the reticulorumen, digesta flow rate, gut motility, hypertenicity of ruminal contents
152
Goal for feeding ruminants
We want ruminants to eat small frequent meals
153
Sensory innervation on the leptin side
efferent nervous response, paracrine action
154
What does hepatic oxidation do
Regulates hepatocytes- important for meal intake
155
Hepatic oxidation theory
Regulates momentary intake ,optimizes fuel combusted and oxygen consumed, minute to minute
156
HOT process
Increases in ATP concentration increases in more sodium adn potassium pumps and AMPK decreases- lowers hepatocyte membrane voltage- decreases gap junctions and release of molecules- decreases firing of the vegas nerve- lowers activation of the NTS- inhibits hypothalamic feeding centers
157
How do ruminants and non ruminants differ
Different metabolic fuels- rely on propionate, delayed pattern of fuel absorption- rate of fermentation, passage
158
How proprionate affects satiety
Factors increasing proprionate affecting include feed intake and increased CHO ruminal digestion
159
What happens when proprionate increases
Gluconeogenesis increases and oxidation increases- increased glucose demand causes more gluconeogenesis, oxidation causes less satiety- less feed intake
160
What components in the equation can we we predict DMI off of
Size of the animal and metabolic body weight, net energy for maintenace requirement, feed maintenance energy
161
Maintenace definition
All of the nutrient and energy requirements to keep the animal exactly as it is
162
Common caloric coefficient
0.077- all warmblood animals expend this much (metabolic rate)
163
Why do we have bulls vs not bulls
Bulls are more effeicent at maintenace energy requiements
164
Dissipation of heat
evaporation, radiation, convection, conduction
165
Heat production
HE=ME-RE
166
Evaporation effect
10-80% of total heat losses, external and tissue insulation
167
Evaporation diminshes with what
Increased relative humidity
168
Maintenace energy requirements increase- actions
Rapid shallow berathing (7%), open mouth panting (11-25%)
169
Cold stress
can change behavior to minimize cold stress, predictions of energy requirements are probably overestimates
170
Physiological states that impact maintenace requiremetns
Physical activity and preganancy (greater energy requirements)- 20-50%
171
Use of energy from weight loss
energy content of EBW depends on BCS
172
Animals lose protein as
urine, hair, skin, (SCURF loss) endogenous protein (not microbial) in feces
173
microbial crude protein contains what
80% true protien, internal absorption estimated around 80%
174
Protein mobilization happens when what
Degreadation happens faster than synthesis- sum is protein turnover
175
Calculating retained energy
RE= DMI X NEg- NEma
176
What age is more feed efficient
young ruminants require less feed per pound of grain than old ruminants
177
Which animal is more effieent from a caloric standpoint
Animal with most adiposity in the body
178
Final shrunk body weight
Chemical maturity- average out carcasses in population or use dam weight
