Final exam questions

Question 1

What are at least two biological advantages of the rumen GIT compared to a non rumen GIT

Answer 1

Can hold food for a long time and is superior in nutrient absorption

Question 2

What are four defining characteristics of ruminant animals

Answer 2

Mammals, ungulates, herbivores, have a rumen

Question 3

5 sacs of the rumen and what advanage do they provide compared to if the rumen was a single continuous compartment

Answer 3

Cranial, dorsal, ventral, caudodorsal and caudoventral sac. Provides a large surface area for microbial fermentation- efficient digestion

Question 4

2 factors that influence digestion of feed in ruminants

Answer 4

Size and content of the feedstuff

Question 5

2 fermentation end products not useful to ruminants

Answer 5

Methane and CO2

Question 6

Why do different sized ruminants have differnet grazing strategies

Answer 6

smaller ruminants typically eat things that are easier to digest while larger ruminants eat things that take longer to digest

Question 7

3 different grazing strategies and how they differ from each other

Answer 7

Browsers- eat leaves, nuts fruit
Grazers- eat leaves and stems/stalks
Intermediate feeders- eat a combonation of the two above

Question 8

3 short chain FA produced in the rumen

Answer 8

Proprionate, butyrate, acetate

Question 9

Which material or fiber most closley reflects all of the fiber components found in plants

Answer 9

NDF

Question 10

What is theprimary difference between the material insoluble acidic and neutral detergent

Answer 10

NDF contains hemicellulose

Question 11

why do we feed ruminants carbohydrates

Answer 11

They are cheap and fill the animal up

Question 12

4 examples of ways that VFA production can be manipulated

Answer 12

Changing feed types, adding supplements to feed ingredients, chemically altering the way feed is made, grain to forage ratio

Question 13

Primary difference between starch and cellulose

Answer 13

Starch= alpha bonds, cellulose- beta bonds

Question 14

Which short chain FA accounts for at least 50% of ruimnal short chain FA

Answer 14

Acetate

Question 15

Why is large lactic acid production in the rumen a concern

Answer 15

Can lead to lactic acidosis

Question 16

Why is a large production of propionate associated with feed efficiency in ruminants

Answer 16

Precursor for glucose synthesis, greater G:F

Question 17

Primary strucutral heteropolysaccharide that closley associates with lignin

Answer 17

Hemicellulose

Question 18

Which type of starch is less soluble

Answer 18

Amylose because it is linear

Question 19

What is physically effective NDF

Answer 19

Scratch factor, all NDF greater than or equal to 1.2mm

Question 20

Why is physically effective NDF related to ruminal pH

Answer 20

Rapidly fermentable feed= greater acid load, therfore ruminate= greater saliva buffer

Question 21

What is an example of a negative asssociative effect when feeding ruminants

Answer 21

Microbes ferment specific feedstuffs- corn vs hay

Question 22

What happens to amino acids in excess of needs for protein synthesis

Answer 22

Deaminate NH3, C skeleton oxidized for ATP and synthesis of glucose

Question 23

Which source of nitrogen found in dietary crude protein can contribute to RDP and RUP

Answer 23

True protein

Question 24

What is the primary goal when providing RDP to ruminants

Answer 24

“feed microbes”, microbial growth

Question 25

What is metabolizable protein

Answer 25

Protein available to be metabolized by the body

Question 26

Why is diet net energy almost always more limiting to performance in ruminants?

Answer 26

Net energy is required for all functions and microbes always contribute to MP

Question 27

2 separate strategies to improve the amino acid profile of diets fed to ruminants

Answer 27

Rumen protected AA, protein complementation

Question 28

How does net protein differ from metabolizable protein

Answer 28

NP- amount of AA/ true protein from diet used for protein syntheis MP- protein metabloized or available in the body for digestion or protein syntheis

Question 29

What is the goal of protein and carb synchrony

Answer 29

To align rates of RDP and CHO

Question 30

Why do synchronous diets often fail to provide real benefit

Answer 30

Urea is recycled so there is no need to underfeed protein

Question 31

Why is MP not usually the most limiting nutrient for cattle production

Answer 31

Cattle need energy to synthesize protein, therefore energy is usually the most limiting

Question 32

What role does the liver play in nitrogen use by ruminants

Answer 32

Detoxifying NH3 to urea, urea cycle

Question 33

What are three factors that can influence rate of protein disappearance in the rumen

Answer 33

Processing, particle size, pH

Question 34

How much MP is provided from RDP

Answer 34

64%

Question 35

Protein efficency of ruminants compared to non ruminants

Answer 35

Ruminants don't absorb AA as efficient as other animals

Question 36

What are 4 ways in which ruminants lose water from their body

Answer 36

respiration, urine, feces, sweat

Question 37

Primary measure of water quality when determing suitability of a water source

Answer 37

TSS or TDS

Question 38

What are 4 factors that influence water intake

Answer 38

Quality, temp, availability, DMI

Question 39

Primary concern related to water hardness

Answer 39

Facilites- calcification of minerals on equipment

Question 40

Primary role of vitamins and minerals in TMR fed to cattle

Answer 40

To make money

Question 41

What type of vitamins are synthesized by ruminal microbes

Answer 41

water soluble

Question 42

Which fat soluble vitamin is the costliest and can be associated with improved immune function

Answer 42

Vitamin E

Question 43

Linear space allotment per steer in feedlot watertrough

Answer 43

1-3"

Question 44

What vitamin K agonist in commonly used in rodent posion

Answer 44

Dicoumarol

Question 45

What dietary strategy is used to prevent milk fever in dairy cows

Answer 45

Feed DCAD diet

Question 46

What vitamins are functionally not required by ruminants after they have developed pregastric fermentation

Answer 46

Water soluble

Question 47

2 common ingredients used to add calcium to diet

Answer 47

Ag lime, limestone, limeastone has a greater Ca concentration

Question 48

What disease is commomly associated with large concentrations of dietary sulfur

Answer 48

PEM

Question 49

Why can grass tetany be a problem for ruminants on lush legumes

Answer 49

High concentration of K in plants= low absorption of magnesium

Question 50

Which micro mineral has a toxicity in sheep at similar levels for cattle requirements

Answer 50

Copper

Question 51

Which micro mineral is important for proper thyroid function

Answer 51

Iodine

Question 52

Two water soluble vitamins that have been reported to have benefits related to lipid synthesis

Answer 52

Niacin and choline

Question 53

Why is it hard to determine zinc requirments?

Answer 53

Zinc absorption is regulated relative to its need

Question 54

What trace mineral can contribute to white muscle disease in calves if deficient?

Answer 54

Selenium

Question 55

What are 4 factors that influnence digestion according to the reactor theory of digestion

Answer 55

Reaction rate and digesta retention time (positivley infleunce digestion) concentration of reactants, reactor volume

Question 56

3 things that have to happen for a functional rumen

Answer 56

Change compartment size, develop pappillae, microbial innoculation

Question 57

What factor has the greatest impact on pappillae development in young ruminants

Answer 57

Fermentation end products- butyrate

Question 58

What reactor theory factor contributes to less digestion?

Answer 58

Reactor volume

Question 59

Maximum allowable concentration of Se that can be legally added to cattle rations on a DM basis?

Answer 59

0.3 mg Se/kg DM

Question 60

Four stages involved with rumination

Answer 60

Regurgitation, resalivation, remastication, redeglutition

Question 61

Principle hormone associated with hunger and the organ that produces it

Answer 61

Ghrelin- abomasum

Question 62

Principle hormone associated with satiety and the organ that produces it

Answer 62

Leptin- adipocytes

Question 63

What is chemostatic regulation of intake

Answer 63

Energy content along with other nutrient signals that contribute to satiety and hunger

Question 64

What is physical fill regulation of intake

Answer 64

Available volume of rumen

Question 65

What metabolizable energy concentration in a feed or ration is associated with the chemostatic control point

Answer 65

40-44 Mcal

Question 66

What is thought to be the fill limit in ruminants for physical fill?

Answer 66

1.2-1.3%

Question 67

What would we expect implants to have on short term feeding behavoir in cattle

Answer 67

Implants increase meal sizes becuase lower oxidation of fuels decreases satiety

Question 68

Which ionophore conributes to reductions in daily feed intake

Answer 68

Monensin

Question 69

What drives predictions of DMI when one assumes no environmental outside infulences

Answer 69

Breed, BW< stage of production

Question 70

What are four factors that predict DMI

Answer 70

Implants, temp, body fat. graze

Question 71

How much are predictions of DMI inflenced by steroids

Answer 71

Increased by 4%

Question 72

Why do obese animals not always eat less amounts of food than non obese animals

Answer 72

Insulin blocks leptin, adipose is less sensitive to insulin, therefore never having a feeling of satiety

Question 73

What are 4 sources of protein loss in ruminants

Answer 73

Hair skin, urine, endogenous protein in feces

Question 74

Why is gain predominantly predicted by energy intake

Answer 74

As animals mature physically, the protein rate of gain decreases, and fat increases so energy density of the body increases with more body fat- more energy to the next lb of gain

Question 75

Using less than two words what does equivilant empty body weight represent

Answer 75

Physiological maturity

Question 76

When is amount of gain per the amout of feed consumed least efficient

Answer 76

In older ruminants

Question 77

In what year were measures published for determination of EQSBM

Answer 77

1984