Exam 1 Flashcards
Introduction and Chemistry Overview (96 cards)
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
The structure of the parts
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
The function of the parts, ice. what they do, how they do it
3
Q
How do Anatomy and Physiology relate
A
Anatomy is the structure of the body, and Physiology is how the structures function and work
The physiology (Function) of the body depends on Anatomy (Structure) of the body
4
Q
What is Anatomical Position?
A
Anatomical position is the default way of viewing the body. the body is standing upright, facing forward, with the arms down by the side, with the palms facing forward.
5
Q
Anterior or Ventral
A
The front or the direction towards the front of the body
6
Q
Posterior or dorsal
A
The back or direction towards the back of the body
7
Q
Superior or cranial
A
A position above or higher then another part of the body proper
8
Q
Inferior or caudal
A
A position below or lower then another part of the body
9
Q
Lateral
A
the side or direction towards the side of the body
10
Q
Medial
A
The middle or the direction towards the middle of the body
11
Q
Proximal
A
A position in the limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body
12
Q
Superficial
A
A position closer to the surface of the body
13
Q
Distal
A
A position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or trunk of the body
14
Q
Deep
A
A position farther from the surface of the body
15
Q
Prone
A
On the stomach
16
Q
Supine
A
Laying on the back
17
Q
Frontal plane
A
Front/back
18
Q
Transverse plane
A
Top/Bottom
19
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Left/Right
20
Q
Integumentary System
A
Skin, hair, fingernails
Body covering, protection, thermoregulation
21
Q
Skeletal System
A
Ligaments, bones
Protection, movement, structure
22
Q
Muscular System
A
Muscles, tendons
Internal and external movement
23
Q
Nervous System
A
Spinal cord, eyes, cerebellum
Electrical communication system
24
Q
Endocrine System
A
Pancreas, Thyroid Gland, Hypothalamus
Chemical messenger system
25
Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood vessels
Transporting substances throughout the body
26
Respiratory System
Trachea, alveoli
Exchange of gases between body & environment
27
Digestive System
Stomach, Pancreas, Liver
Breaking down and absorbing foodstuffs
28
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters
Filtering blood, maintaining water balance
29
Reproductive System
Uterus, testes
Creation of new organisms
30
Lymphatic system
Lymph Nodes
Immune protective responses
31
Homeostasis
Body's effort to maintain itself at a certain level inside the body
32
What does the cranial cavity house?
The cranial cavity houses the brain within the skull.
33
What does the thoracic cavity include?
The thoracic cavity includes the chest area with lungs, heart, and other organs.
34
What cavities are included in the posterior (dorsal) cavity?
The posterior (dorsal) cavity includes the cranial and vertebral cavities.
35
What cavities are included in the anterior (ventral) cavity?
The anterior (ventral) cavity includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
36
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
The abdominal cavity contains digestive organs.
37
What does the vertebral cavity house?
The vertebral cavity houses the spinal cord.
38
What does the abdominopelvic cavity include?
The abdominopelvic cavity includes both abdominal and pelvic organs.
39
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
The pelvic cavity contains the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.
40
Parietal membrane
the membrane touching the cavity wall
41
Visceral membrane
the membrane on the organs
42
Understand the Components of Homeostatic System
Receptor: Detects changes in the environment.
Control Center: Processes the information and determines the response.
Effector: Executes the response to restore balance.
Feedback Mechanism: Regulates the response to maintain stability, primarily through negative feedback.
43
Negative Feedback
more of a corrective response then preventive process
44
What are the three states of matter?
Solids, Liquids, Gas
45
What are the 4 primary
Elements?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
46
Atoms
Smallest unit of an element that still behaves like the element
47
Protons
Nucleus, positively charged, atomic number, dictates what element it is
48
Neutrons
nucleus, neutral, dictates what isotope
49
Electrons
orbits around, negative, number normally equal to protons, dictates how the element interacts with others
49
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. differ in mass and therefore in physical properties.
50
Molecules
two or more atoms bonded together
51
Compounds
more then one element involved in a molecule
52
Ions
a charged atom, the protons and electrons are not equal
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a positively charged ion is called?
cations
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a negatively charged ion
anions
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Ionic Bonds
2 oppsitly charged ions that are attrached to eachother
56
Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds: A type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
57
Polar Covalent bonds
a covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, creates poles
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Hydrophilic,
fine with water
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Hydrophobic
Scared of water
60
When you put it in water is releases hydrogen ions
Acids
61
compound releases hydroxide ions when in water
Bases
62
It releases ions other then hydrogen or hydroxide when in water
Electrolytes
63
acid and base together
salt
64
pH scale
Acidic: pH less than 7
Neutral: pH equal to 7
Basic (Alkaline): pH greater than 7
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Acidosis
Acidosis: A condition in which the blood pH falls below 7.35, indicating an excess of acid in the body.
66
Alkalosis
Alkalosis: A condition in which the blood pH rises above 7.45, indicating an excess of base (alkali) in the body.
67
Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions
68
Enzymes
proteins, coupons for chemical reaction, lock and key
69
Synthesis Reactions
Anabolic
dehydration
A type of chemical reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single, more complex product.
A + B → AB
70
A + B → AB
Synthesis Reactions
71
Decomposition Reactions
Definition: A type of chemical reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.
72
AB → A + B
Decomposition Reactions
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Exchange Reactions
Definition: A type of chemical reaction where parts of two compounds are exchanged to form two new compounds.
73
AB + CD → AD + CB
Exchange Reactions
74
Simple Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides: Single sugar molecules.
Disaccharides: Two sugar molecules linked together.
74
Complex Carbohydrates:
Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar molecules.
75
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
A: Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains, making them solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds, making them liquid at room temperature.
76
What are phospholipids, and what is their function?
A: Phospholipids are composed of two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) and a phosphate group head (hydrophilic). They are major components of cell membranes, forming the lipid bilayer.
77
What are the three types of lipids?
Fats and oils
phospholipids
Steroids
78
Can you name two examples of steroid hormones?
A: Testosterone and estrogen.
78
Emulsification
the process of mixing two liquids that don't normally mix together to create a stable mixture
78
What is the composition of protein?
long chains of amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds
79
What is the difference between complete and incomplete proteins
Complete proteins have all the essential amino acids, while incomplete protein lacks some of them, they are usually plant based.
80
What are seven of the main roles of protein
**Structural**: Connective tissue like collagen & keratin
**Hormonal**: Many hormones are proteins
**contractile**: Muscle filament
**transport**: Hemoglobin in blood
**immune**: Antibodies
**Enzymatic**: Catalyze metabolic reactions
**Energy source**: 4 kcals/g used less readily then fat & carbs
80
What are the four protein structures?
Primary - chain of amino acids
Secondary - Hydrogen bonds form helices or pleated sheets
Tertiary - Coiled and twisted shape specific to each protein
Quaternary - Multiple protein units interacting e.g.. hemoglobin
81
What is denaturation? And what causes it?
Denaturation is the process of breaking down a protein or nucleic acid's structure, causing it to unfold.
It is caused by high heat or acidity
82
What are the basic units of nucleic acid?
Nucleotides
DNA RNA
83
What are Nucleotides composed of?
Pentose sugar (5 carbon sugar)
Phosphate group
Nitrogen containing base
84
What is DNA?
Double-stranded: forming a double helix
Four bases, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Commentary base pairing A-T, C-G
Found in the nucleus: contains genetic blueprints (genes) for protein synthesis
Deoxyribose sugar found
85
What are the base pairings for DNA?
Adenine-Thymine A-T
Cytosine-Guanine C-G
86
What is RNA?
Single stranded
four bases Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
involved protein synthesis by using instructions from DNA
Different sugar: ribose
87
What is the function of DNA?
Stores genetic info
Blueprints for protein synthesis, providing instructions for the sequence of amino acids in proteins
88
What is the function of RNA?
Transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes where protein are synthesized
89
What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?
Main energy currency of then cell
energy released by breaking the high energy bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group.
Converts ATP to ADP+phosphate
90
What is the structure of Adenosine Triphosphate?
(adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups
