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BIOL 1200 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three Main Parts of a Cell?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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2
Q

What are organelles?

A

organelles are subcellular structures that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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3
Q

List the types of organelles
11

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Cilia
Nucleolus
Nucleus

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

Involved in protein synthesis

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4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

the semipermeable barrier that surrounds a cell and regulates what enters and exits the cell.

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5
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Houses the ribosomes

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6
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lipid synthesis and detoxification,

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7
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Series of flattened sacs, modifies packages and sorts protein and lipids into vesicles
revives and packages proteins from the ER

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains digestive enzymes for breaking down pathogens and unwanted material

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell
Preforms cellular respiration to generate ATP,

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10
Q

Centrioles

A

composed of nine triplets of microtubules
Makes spindle fibers in mitosis
Always found at right angles to each other

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11
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections moving objects across the cell surface

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12
Q

Vesicles

A

Small sacs transporting things in the cell and out of it.

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

loose DNA

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14
Q

Chromosomes

A

Condensed chromatin

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15
Q

Centromere

A

Middle of the chromosome

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16
Q

Chromatid

A

halves of chromosomes

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17
Q

Nucleolus

A

a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes

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18
Q

Nucleus

A

Enclosed by the nuclear envelope
houses the nucleolus
contains DNA in the form of Chromatin or chromosomes

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19
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm of a cell

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20
Q

What is Simple Diffusion?

A

Movements of the subsentences from high concentrate to low concentrate directly through the phospholipid bilayer

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21
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Movements of substances from high to low concentrate through protein channels in the membrane

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22
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

movements of water across a selectively permeable from low solute to high solute concentrate. Bc the particles cannot move themselves

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23
Q

What is Filtration?

A

Movements of water and solutes across a membrane due to a pressure gradient

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24
What is Active Transport?
Requires ATP, moves stuff up a concentrate gradient.
25
What is Endocytosis?
Process of taking in large molecules or particles into the cell by engulfing them with plasma membrane forming a vesicle
26
What is Exocytosis?
Process of expelling large molecules or particles by fusing a vesicle with the plasma membrane releasing the contant outside
27
What is the Cell Cycle?
a series of ordered events that a cell goes through as it grows, prepares for division, and eventually divides into two new daughter cells
28
What is Apoptosis?
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death. This is one method the body uses to get rid of unneeded or abnormal cells.
29
Interphase
G1 -Growth phase: cell makes organelles S -DNA replication G2 -Further growth & Protein synthesis Restriction checkpoint -Point where anostosis happens
30
Protein Synthesis
**Transcription** 1. RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the promoter site 2. Separates DNA strands and matches RNA nucleotides with complementary bases 3.RNA strands (mRNA) is synthesized and detaches, carrying the genetic message from DNA **Translation** **Initiation** The ribosome assembles around the mRNA and the 1st tRNA **Elongation** * The ribosome reads the mRNA codons * tRNA molecules with complementary anticodons bring the appropriate amino acid * Amino acid are linked together in the correct sequence * The ribosome moves along the mRNA, and the chain if amino acid (polypeptide) grows **Termination** * The process continues until a stop codon is reached, and the newly formed protein is released
31
DNA Replication
1. Unwind and separates the double-stranded DNA helix 2. Match new nucleotides with the separates strands using complementary bade pairing (A-T G-C) 3. Result: two identical copies of DNA, one for each cell
32
Mitosis
Prophase i centrioles goes to opposite poles . Start making spindle fibers · Chromatin condense to Chromosomes · nuclear envelope breaking down metaphase -middle spindle fibers attach to centromeres of the chromosomes, lines up in the middle Anaphase · Chromosomes rips in half, each chromatid goes to the opposite poles Chromatids make other half then is chromosome Cells elongates Telophase cell breaks apart into daughter cells Chromosomes decondense into chromatin Spindle Fibers dissolves Each cell has a nucleus Cytokines- happens in telophase ·Separated of cytoplasm & organelles
33
Cytokinesis
Cytokines- happens in telophase ·Separated of cytoplasm & organelles
34
Meiosis
Separated cells into four daughter cells, sperm and eggs have half the DNA
35
What are the four major types of tissues?
1. Epithelial -covering, lining, surface 2. Connective -cells are in a matrix 3. Muscular -contacts 4. Nervous -electric signals
36
What are the types of Epithelial Tissues?
squamous cuboidal columnar pseudostratified transitional
37
What is the difference between simple and stratified?
"simple" refers to a tissue with only one layer of cells, while "stratified" means a tissue composed of multiple layers of cells stacked on top of each other
38
squamous Tissues
Flat pancakes Simple -thin for diffusion stratified-top layer
39
cuboidal Tissues
Cube Simple -glands/secretion stratified Ducts of the glands, often has only two layers
40
columnar Tissues
Columns Simple -functional modificatcy stratified, not very common
41
Pseudostratified Tissues
Only has one layer, but looks like more then one layer
42
transitional Tissues
Changes in response to tension
43
ciliated
ciliated" means "covered in cilia"
44
What defines Connective Tissue?
Cells are separated by an extracellular matrix composed f an organic ground substance that contains collagen, Elastic, and Reticular fibers
45
what types of fiber does Connective tissue have?
Collagen, Elastic, and Reticular fibers
46
What are the main Fibrous Connective Tissue Types?
**Loose** -areolai * fibroblasts * collagen & elastic fibers * adipose tissue -cells enlarge & store fat **Dense** * thick bundles of collogen fibers * Regular eg. tendons/ligiments * Ilregular eg. dermis **Reticular** * matrixomy * contains fiber AKA lymphatic
47
What is the difference between Dense and loose connective tissues?
density of their collagen fibers
48
What are the types of connective tissues?
Fibrous Cartilage Bone Blood
49
What is Cartilage?
cells are called Chondrocytes, - cells are found in small chambers called Lacunae
50
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
51
Hyaline
Most common type Collogen fibers Nose, end on ling bones, and ribs, supporting rings of the trachea
52
Elastic
Elastic and collagen fibers more flexible than hyaline ie. outer ear
53
Fibrocartilage
Collagen fibers Absorbs shock, reduces friction in joints ie. between the vertebrae and in the knees
54
different groups of Bones
Compact Spongy
55
Bones,
Extremely hard matrix composed of minerals, salt, deposited around collagen fibers bone cells; osteocytes
56
Compact bones
dense and strong types of bone tissues that forms the outer layer of most bones in the body
57
Spongy Bones
Bones tissue that is found inside the ends of long bones and within the interior of short flat and irregular bones, such as the skull and vertebrae
58
Parts of blood
**Red blood cells** (*erythrocytes*): Transport oxygen **White blood cells** (*leukocytes*): immune system. **Platelets** (*thrombocytes*): Help blood clot by forming a plug in damaged blood vessels.
59
What is Muscular tissues>? and types?
All contracts Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
60
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary movement attached to bone long cylindrical shape multi-nucleated striated
61
Smooth muscle
Visceral spindle shaped cells involuntary Not striated found in walls of hollow viscera -organs
62
Cardiac muscle
Striated Involuntary single centuriated nucleus blanching fibers intercalated discs
63
What is Striation?
the visible, alternating light and dark bands that appear across muscle fibers when viewed under a microscope, giving the muscle a striped appearance
64
Intercalated disks
Intercalated discs are specialized junctions that connect individual cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) in the heart.
65
What are the main parts of Nervous Tissue?
Dendrites Cell body Axon
66
What are neuroglia?
non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons in the nervous system
67
Where is nervous tissue?
Brain, Spinal cord, peripheral nerve
68
Dendrites
Receives signals
69
Cell Body
Soma, info hub
70
Axon
Sends out signals
71
What are the three types of junctions?
Tight Gap Adhesion
72
Tight Junctions
Seals and prevents leakage of solvents and water
73
Gap Junctions
Proteins channels that connect adjacent cells and allows the exchange of ions metabolites and small molecules
74
Adhesion Junctions
Protein complex that connect cells together in tissues, maintain tissue integrity
75
What are Exocrine glands?
glands that secrete substances onto the body surface through ducts
76
What are Endocrine glands?
organs that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream
77
What are the main types of Membranes?
mucous Serous Synovial Cutaneous
78
mucous Membranes
OPen to the outsie Epithelium over loose connective tissues Epithelial globlet cells
79
Serous Membranes
Not near any openings Simple squamous epithelium over loose connective tissue Serous fluids-lubrication Partial/visceral membranes
80
Synovial Membranes
Posterior cavity, brain and spinal cord connective tissue
81
Cutaneous Membranes
Forms the outer cover of the body Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium over a think layer of dense connective tissue
82
What is Meninges?
The three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.

BIOL 1200 (8 decks)

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