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Plant Ecophysiology and Soils > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ecology in the context of plant studies.

A

Study of organism interactions

Ecology examines interactions between physical, chemical, and biotic environments.

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2
Q

What is plant ecophysiology?

A

Biological discipline studying organism’s physiology response to environmental conditions

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3
Q

What are embryophytes?

A

Land plants

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4
Q

What distinguishes spermatophytes?

A

Seed plants

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5
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

Naked seed plants; seeds developed in cones

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6
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Vessel seed plants; seeds developed in ovary

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7
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane in plant cells?

A

Transfer substances in and out of the cell

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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm commonly referred to as?

A

Cellular soup

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9
Q

What is the role of the nucleus in a plant cell?

A

Stores genetic material and controls protein synthesis

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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein creation

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11
Q

What process occurs in chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

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12
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Respiration and metabolic processes

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13
Q

What role do peroxisomes play in plant cells?

A

Photorespiration

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14
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A

Storage

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15
Q

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Communication and transport

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16
Q

List the types of plant tissues.

A
  • Ground
  • Dermal
  • Vascular
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17
Q

What are parenchyma cells characterized by?

A

Living, can divide; involved in regeneration, photosynthesis, storage, secretion

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18
Q

What are collenchyma cells known for?

A

Living with thick walls; provide flexibility and growth
Creates the stringiness of celerly

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19
Q

What are sclerenchyma cells?

A

Dead with thick walls; provide defense and structure
Creates the gritty texture of pears

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20
Q

What is the role of guard cells?

A

Regulation of stomata for gas exchange

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21
Q

What are trichomes in plant tissues?

A

Defense, reduce water loss, lower temperature, absorption, secretion

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22
Q

What is the cuticle’s function in plant tissues?

A

Excretion of wax to reduce water loss

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23
Q

What is phloem responsible for?

A

Food-conducting tissue
Sieve-tubes throughout the plant

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24
Q

What are the functions of xylem?

A

Conducting water from the roots up.

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25
Organelles that are specific to plants cells.
-Cell Wall -Vacuoles -Chloroplast
26
Ground Tissues
-Parenchyma -Collenchyma -Sclerenchyma
27
Vascular Tissues
-Phloem -Xylem
28
What are Plant Hardiness Zones used for?
To inform the public on what to grow ## Footnote Plant Hardiness Zones are based on climate and temperature data.
29
What do Floristic Regions group by?
Similar plant families and species ## Footnote They focus on areas of endemism and evolution.
30
Define Biomes.
Large areas of land that share similar climate, vegetation, and animal life ## Footnote Biomes focus on dominant vegetation and are described by environmental factors.
31
What environmental factors describe Biomes?
Temperature and precipitation ## Footnote These factors influence the types of vegetation and animal life found in a biome.
32
What is the primary enzyme used in photosynthesis to convert CO2 into sugars?
Rubisco ## Footnote Rubisco acts as a catalyst in the Calvin Cycle.
33
What does RUBP stand for?
Ribulose bisphosphate ## Footnote RUBP is the primary acceptor of CO2 in the Calvin Cycle.
34
What are the three main processes that occur during photosynthesis?
Absorption of photons, light reactions, dark reactions ## Footnote The light reactions include Photosystem II and Photosystem I, while the dark reactions involve the Calvin Cycle.
35
What type of plants utilize the C3 pathway?
Cool Season plants ## Footnote The C3 pathway is characterized by the Calvin Cycle occurring in mesophyll cells.
36
What distinguishes C4 plants from C3 plants?
C4 plants fix CO2 using PEPC and Rubisco ## Footnote They occur in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, and utilize a 4-carbonic acid.
37
What is the Calvin-Benson Cycle?
A series of reactions in photosynthesis where CO2 is fixed into organic molecules ## Footnote It primarily produces glucose using ATP and NADPH.
38
Fill in the blank: _______ is the primary energy source of the cell.
ATP
39
True or False: Photorespiration occurs during photosynthesis.
True ## Footnote Photorespiration can reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis under certain conditions.
40
What are the roles of NADPH and NADP+ in photosynthesis?
NADPH is an electron donor; NADP+ is the oxidized form of NADPH ## Footnote These molecules play critical roles in the light-dependent reactions.
41
What does oxidation refer to in the context of photosynthesis?
Removal of a hydrogen ## Footnote Oxidation is part of the process in converting light energy into chemical energy.
42
What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll a ## Footnote Chlorophyll a plays a crucial role in the photosynthetic process by absorbing light energy.
43
What is the function of chlorophyll b in photosynthesis?
Accessory pigment ## Footnote Chlorophyll b helps in capturing light energy and transferring it to chlorophyll a.
44
What happens to chlorophyll's absorption beyond approximately 720 nm?
No absorption by chlorophyll ## Footnote Chlorophyll is ineffective at absorbing light beyond this wavelength.
45
What is Kranz anatomy?
Bundle sheath cells surrounding the vascular bundle Makes it easier for glucose from calvin cycle to enter the phloem ## Footnote This anatomical feature is characteristic of C4 plants.
46
What is photorespiration?
O2 is grabbed during the Calvin Cycle, using ATP and NADPH to create CO2, considered a waste of energy ## Footnote Photorespiration occurs when the enzyme Rubisco reacts with O2 instead of CO2.
47
What is the light compensation point?
Irradiance level at which CO2 assimilation in photosynthesis equals CO2 production in respiration ## Footnote This point indicates the minimum light level needed for photosynthesis to occur.
48
What defines the light saturation point?
Range of irradiances over which CO2 assimilation is maximal and insensitive to irradiance levels ## Footnote Beyond this point, increased light does not enhance photosynthesis.
49
What are sun and shade leaves?
Sun leaves have higher light saturation points, while shade leaves have lower light compensation points and faster photosynthesis in low light ## Footnote Different leaf types adapt to their light environments.
50
What is photoinhibition?
A condition where excessive light leads to decreased photosynthesis ## Footnote It can be dynamic or chronic, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a contributing factor.
51
What role do carotenoids play in plants under high light conditions?
Help absorb extra energy and assist in non-photochemical quenching ## Footnote Carotenoids protect plants from damage caused by excess light.
52
Which proteins make up the majority of leaf nitrogen?
Proteins of the Calvin Cycle and Thylakoids ## Footnote These proteins are critical for the photosynthetic process.
53
How does temperature affect photorespiration?
High temperatures increase photorespiration due to lower CO2 solubility ## Footnote Conversely, low temperatures decrease electron transport and phloem loading.
54
What are CAM plants?
Plants that utilize Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, characterized by high water use efficiency and stomata that open at night ## Footnote These adaptations help CAM plants survive in arid environments.
55
Alternative Oxidase
-Less ATP -Creates ATP if other ATP pathway is blocked
56
Group that aids is essential for amino acids, nucleic acids, and enzymes.
Group 1 Nitrogen and Sulfur
57
Group that helps reinforce cell walls and membranes
Group 2 Phosporus, Boron, and Silicon
58
Group that helps with enzyme activation and photosynthesis
Group 3 Potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, manganese, and sodium
59
Group responsible for enzymes and nitrate fixation
Group 4 Iron, Molybdenum, Zinc, Copper, and Nickle
60
Cohesion
The negative to positive force of water molecules
61
Adhesion
The force between the xylem wall and the water molecules
62
Xylem Cavitation
When it becomes drier, tension in the xylem becomes high. Water colum can break

Plant Ecophysiology and Soils (4 decks)

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