Exam #1 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
public health nurses in England who provide visiting nurse services; historically, they cared for the people in the lowest-income parish districts
A
district nurses
2
Q
study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations; used both as a research methodology to study states of health and illness, and as a body of knowledge that results from the study of a specific state of health or illness
A
epidemiology
3
Q
the principle that everyone should have a fair and just opportunity to reach their full health potential
A
health equity
4
Q
differences in health outcomes for marginalized populations that are unfair and avoidable
A
health inequities
5
Q
the “health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group… these outcomes are products of many determinants of health, including healthcare, public health, genetics, behavior, social factors and environmental factors”
A
population health
6
Q
a process of improving clinical health outcomes of a defined group of individuals within an integrated clinical health system
A
population health management
7
Q
moves beyond individual disease and treatment to include the social determinants of health; recognizes that health outcomes are shaped by interconnected social, economic, and environmental factors, along w/ genetic, behavioral, and healthcare factors
A
population health practice
8
Q
seeks to “promote and protect the health of all people in all the communities where they live, learn, work, and play”
A
public health
9
Q
intertwining of nursing, public health, and social sciences with a focus on “the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations”
A
public health nursing
10
Q
actions to address problems and thereby improve and promote the health of populations
A
public health nursing interventions
11
Q
conditions in the environment in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks
A
social determinants of health (SDOH)
12
Q
refers to 2 agencies that conduct business within one country
A
bilateral agencies
13
Q
U.S. branch of government responsible for health and welfare of citizens and refugees/asylees
A
Department of Health and Human Services
14
Q
difference in the quality of healthcare delivered or obtainable, often tied to race, ethnicity, and/or socioeconomic status
A
health disparities
15
Q
fair and just opportunity for all to be healthy through the removal of barriers such as poverty, discrimination, and lack of access to education, employment, and healthcare
A
health equity
16
Q
a U.S. national consensus plan identifying focal areas that need active and specific plans and implementations, based on levels of illness (morbidity) and death (mortality) that account for the physical, psychosocial, and financial suffering of citizens
A
Healthy People 2030
17
Q
a federation of more than 130 national nurses associations (NNAs), representing the more than 27 million nurses worldwide
A
International Council of Nurses (ICN)
18
Q
8 goals that all 191 UN member states agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015 to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women
A
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
19
Q
agencies that use both governmental and nongovernmental resources
A
multilateral agencies
20
Q
comprised of measures of costs of healthcare goods and services in the U.S.
A
National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEAs)
21
Q
agency that acquires resources to help others from private (vs. public) sources
A
nongovernmental organization (NGO)
22
Q
a group that collects data related to healthcare use across a variety of professional and service parameters
A
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
23
Q
an organization that uses endowments or private funding to address the needs of individuals, families, and populations
A
philanthropic organization
24
Q
person who leaves their place of origin and cannot return because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons that include race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion
A
refugee
25
a global framework of 17 goals to coordinate efforts from 193 nations represented by the United Nations around ending poverty and hunger, combating inequality and disease, and building a just and stable world
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
26
international organization that uses funds from developed countries to help initiatives of developing countries
World Bank
27
international center that collects data, advances initiatives, and offers support related to public health
World Health Organization (WHO)
28
models that assist clients, groups, and communities to redirect activities toward health and wellness
behavior change models
29
model that considers intrapersonal attributes, interpersonal dynamics, person/environment interactions, cultural beliefs, and attitudes
ecologic model
30
a quality, an ability to adapt to change, or a resource to help cope with challenges and processes of daily living
health
31
a behavior change model that considers the severity of potential illness or physical challenge, the level of conceivable susceptibility, the benefits of taking preventative action, and the challenges that may be faced in taking action toward the goal of health promotion
health belief model
32
the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health info and services needed to make appropriate decisions
health literacy
33
practices that healthcare providers use to make all health info easier to understand, to confirm client-provider comprehension, and to reduce the difficulty of health-related tasks
health literacy universal precautions
34
the process of enabling people to increase control over all modifiable determinants of health to improve their health and well-being
health promotion
35
a behavior change model emphasizing reinforcement of social competence, problem solving, autonomy, and sense of purpose
learning model
36
susceptibility to disease or injury that can be controlled by individual people, families, or communities
modifiable risks
37
client-centered communication style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients and groups explore and resolve ambivalence to change
motivational interviewing
38
the degree to which organizations equitably enable individuals to find, understand, and use info and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others
organizational health literacy
39
the degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use info and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others
personal health literacy
40
maximizing health and wellness through strategies that are set in place before illness or injury are present
primary prevention
41
a change model that is used primarily with issues that relate to adherence
relapse prevention model
42
decreasing the change of developing an illness, experiencing any injury, or being faced with chronic consequences of both
risk reduction
43
maximizing health and wellness by using strategies set in place at the early and active chronic stages of illness and injury to minimize the impact of a disease or injury
secondary prevention
44
a behavior change model that considers environmental influences, personal factors, and behavior as key components to change
social learning
45
a component of change in which community members, friends, neighbors, and adjacent communities influence change by offering instrumental assistance, informational support, emotional support, and appraising support
social support
46
maximizing health and wellness through strategies that are set in place at the palliation and end stage of disease and injury trajectories
tertiary prevention
47
a behavior model emphasizing that individual performance of a given behavior is primarily determined by a person's intention to perform that behavior
theory of reasoned action
48
sequential approach to behavior change on the basis of process across stages and timely readiness of the learner
transtheoretical model
49
a subjective perception of full functional ability as a human being
well-being
50
an outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of a disease beyond that which is normally found in the population
epidemic
51
model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the host, agent, and environment
epidemiologic triad
52
study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations; used both as a research methodology to study states of health and illness and as a body of knowledge that results from the study of a specific state of health or illness
epidemiology
53
course of a disease or condition from the onset to resolution
natural history
54
epidemic usually limited to a localized increase in the incidence of the illness
outbreak
55
primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence of the existence of a specific state of health or illness
rate
56
probability or likelihood that a disease or illness will occur in a group of people who presently do not have the problem
risk
57
characteristics or events that have been shown to increase the probability that a specific disease or illness will develop
risk factor
58
epidemiologic model that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness
web of causation
59
epidemiologic model that de-emphasizes the agent as the sole cause of disease while emphasizing the interplay of physical, biologic, and social environments
wheel of causation
60
statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the composition of a population, such as age, when comparing one to another
adjusted rate
61
an incidence or occurrence rate
attack rate
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the difference between the incidence rates in an exposed and an unexposed group of people
attributable risk
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a rate in which the number of people with a specific disease becomes the subgroup being studied out of the entire population in a designated geographic area
- calculated by dividing the number of deaths from a specific disease by the number of people living with that disease during the year and multiplying by 100
case fatality rate
64
the risk of death from a specific cause
cause-specific mortality rate
65
general or summary rates that measure the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated in the entire population
crude rate
66
the study of the size, distribution, and characteristics of human populations
demographic data
67
a graph that plots the distribution of cases by the time of onset of the disease
epidemic curve
68
use of a person-time denominator in the calculation of rates
- a person-day reflects one person at risk for 1 day, and a person-year represents one person at risk for 1 year
incidence density
69
measure of the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time
incidence rate
70
fluctuations in time surrounding health problems that extend over decades, reflecting gradual changes
long-term change
71
a departure from a state of physiologic or psychological well-being
morbidity
72
the probability of death from any cause among the entire population within a given time frame
mortality rate
73
a prevalence rate that indicates the existence of a condition during an interval of time, often a year
period prevalence
74
seasonal or cyclic fluctuations in time surrounding health problems
periodic change
75
a prevalence rate that indicates the existence of a condition at a specific point in time and describes an existing situation for a group of people
point prevalence
76
groups of people who have specific characteristics, or risk factors, that increase the probability of developing health problems
populations at risk
77
measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition at a given point in time
prevalence rate
78
a type of ratio that includes the quantity in the numerator as a part of the denominator
- it is the relationship of a part to the whole
proportion
79
a ratio that compares deaths from a specific illness with deaths from all other causes
proportional mortality ratio
80
the primary measurement used to describe the occurrence (frequency or quantity) of a state of health in a specific group of people in a given time period
rate
81
a fraction that represents the relationship between 2 numbers
ratio
82
the ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the nonexposed group
relative risk ratio
83
ability of a test to correctly identify people who have a health problem
- the probability of testing positive if the health problem is truly present
sensitivity
84
variations measured in hours, days, weeks, or months
- commonly found in outbreaks of infectious disease
short-term change
85
detailed rates that are calculated using the number of people in the smaller subgroups of the population in the denominator
- often, people are divided into subgroups by age and sex, although any characteristic can be used
specific rates
86
ability of a test to correctly identify people who do not have a health problem
- the probability of testing negative if the health problem is truly absent
specificity
87
group of consumers, health professionals, policy makers, and others working together to improve community health status or to solve a specific community health problem
coalition
88
community ownership and action for social and political change
- a process of gaining more community control to address social, cultural, political, and social determinants of health
community empowerment
89
person knowledgeable about specific aspects of a problem and the community's current and past attempts to address it
key informant
90
visual representation of how a program is organized, including activities, resources, short-term and intermediate outcomes, and program goals
logic model
91
a defined subset of the population such as people with or at risk for a specific health problem or having specific social or demographic characteristics
population aggregate
92
an individual, organization, or group that has an interest (stake) in a specific community health issue or the outcome of a community-level intervention
stakeholder
93
establishing the conditions for the health improvements achieved by an intervention to continue beyond the period of a formal community health program or for a program to continue after grant funding ends
sustainability
94
attention is directed to community strengths and resources as a primary approach to community assessment
asset-based assessment
95
public health officials working in partnership in a community assessment model that emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of the task
collaborative model
96
an interrelating and interacting group of people who share common interests, needs, resources, and environment
community
97
a comprehensive evaluation of the status of a community, based on the interactions between people, health, and environment
community assessment
98
within the process of community assessment, an approach that considers the expertise of community dwellers as central to the task of understanding the health and well-being of the community
community as partner
99
a retrospective, historical analysis of system parameters such as the physical environment, education, safety and transportation, politics and government, health and social services, communication, economics, and recreation in a community
developmental model
100
a process used to assess a community using data collected from descriptions and statistical relationships to evaluate the level of health and well-being within a community to address identified healthcare needs
epidemiologic model
101
a model or roadmap that assists the direction toward a goal
framework
102
a systematic and deliberate approach to community assessment, evaluating patterns of behaviors of community dwellers that occur sequentially across time
functional health pattern (FHP) assessment
103
digital mapping process that links community data to a geographic location
geographic information system (GIS) community assessment
104
group of people who live within identified boundaries and governing systems
geopolitical community
105
group of people who have interpersonal and intrapersonal connections
pneomenologic community
106
observation of a community while driving a car or riding public transportation to collect data for a community assessment
windshield survey
107
an infectious agent is biologic in nature and is capable of producing an infection or infectious/communicable disease
agent
108
occurs when propagation of the microorganism is requiring within the insect before it can be transmitted to another host
biologic vector-borne transmission
109
a person or animal that harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others, although having no symptoms of the disease
carrier
110
the presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue
colonization
111
an outbreak characterized by exposure to a common, harmful substance
common source outbreak
112
specific to diseases that can be transmitted from an infected individual to another directly or indirectly
- used interchangeably for infectious disease
communicable disease
113
a process used by public health departments to identify individuals who have contracted a disease as well as the people with whom they have come into contact to help curb the spread of an infectious disease within a community
contact tracing
114
communicable disease transmitted directly or indirectly
contagious
115
observation of clients to ensure adherence with antituberculosis medication to maximize completion of therapeutic regime
directly observed therapy (DOT)
116
the constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area
endemic
117
significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population
- an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected
epidemic
118
originating in a healthcare facility
- formerly called nosocomial infection
healthcare-associated infection
119
type of immunity where a sufficient proportion of the population is protected against an infectious/communicable disease by vaccination or disease and protects those who are likely to be exposed to the disease
herd (community) immunity
120
time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease
incubation period
121
presence and replication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms
infectious disease
122
occurs when an insect carries the microorganisms on its feet or proboscis, or though its GI tract
mechanical vector-borne transmission
123
ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host
pathogenicity
124
outbreak resulting from direct or indirect transmission of an infectious agent from an infected person to a susceptible host
- secondary infections can occur
propagated outbreak
125
location where an infectious agent is normally found, where it lives and reproduces under normal circumstances
reservoir
126
infections that occur within the accepted incubation period following exposure to a primary case
secondary infection
127
a continual method for gathering data about the health of the population for the purpose of primary and secondary prevention of illness
surveillance
128
the transfer of an infectious agent from one person to another or from animals and insects to humans
transmission
129
a person's reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines
vaccine hesitancy
130
dangerous infectious diseases that are prevented by vaccination
vaccine-preventable diseases
131
infection transmitted by insects or ticks
vector-borne infection
132
contaminated intermediate source of infection
vehicle
133
a disease that can pass from an animal to a human
zoonotic infection
134
refers to a set of coordinated strategies to improve the use of antimicrobial meds with the goal of enhancing patient health outcomes, reducing resistance to antibiotics, and decreasing unnecessary costs
antibiotic stewardship
135
slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA and RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts
antigenic drift
136
sudden change in the molecular structure of DNA and RNA in microorganisms, resulting in a new strain of the microorganism
antigenic shift
137
direct transmission from individuals who never experience noticeable symptoms
- this can only be established by follow-up, as single-time point observation cannot fully distinguish asymptomatic from presymptomatic individuals
asymptomatic transmission
138
model illustrating the interaction of 13 factors that contribute to the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases
convergence model
139
natural unit consisting of all living things (plants, animals, bacteria, viruses) interacting with, and dependent on, one another for survival
ecosystem
140
a mechanism to facilitate the availability and use of medical countermeasures, including vaccines, during public health emergencies, such as in the COVID-19 pandemic
emergency use authorization
141
newly identified, clinically distinct (novel) infectious disease
emerging infectious disease
142
process by which organisms adjust and change to their environment
microbial adaptation
143
a change that occurs in DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as a result of environmental factors
- a single change in a virus' genome
- happen frequently but only sometimes change the characteristics of the virus
mutation
144
mitigation strategies to prevent transmission or an infectious disease before therapeutics and vaccines are available
nonpharmaceutical interventions
145
epidemic occurring worldwide
pandemic
146
infection that is transmitted from a person who has not yet experienced symptoms but can transmit the infection to other susceptible persons
presymptomatic infection
147
an extraordinary event that constitutes a public health risk to all countries through international spread of disease, which requires a coordinated international response
public health international emergency
148
a mechanism of antigenic shift that could result in a human-to-human transmissible virus, which could rapidly spread throughout the world
reassortment
149
the reappearance of a known infectious disease after its decline, with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area of among a specific population
reemerging infectious disease
150
infected individual(s) responsible for transmission of an infection to a large number of contacts
superspreading event
151
direct transmission from a symptomatic individual, through a contact that may not be readily recalled by the recipient
symptomatic transmission
152
infection that occurs in people who are fully vaccinated
vaccine breakthrough infection
153
