Exam #2 Flashcards
(21 cards)
defining problems that are worthy of action within the context of society leads to problem identification
- i.e., nurses conducting research produce evidence describing the prevalence, significance, and impact of public health problems
problem identification
capturing the attention of policymakers and motivating them to work toward a policy solution is critical to agenda setting – media attention, public support, and stakeholder and interest group engagement all play into what problems make it on the agenda
- high-level goal of this phase in the policy process is helping others view the problem with urgency, the goal is to establish consensus and a willingness to work on solving the problem - once there is support to address a problem, it is considered “on the _______”
agenda setting
development of policy proposals by stakeholders and interest groups occurs – options are built out and decisions are made that shape the policy proposal
- nurses conducting research may be testing interventions to improve a problem - if an intervention appears to be successful, the nurse researcher should describe how the intervention could be implemented on a larger scale
policy formulation
policy is enacted by a governing body – this step often involves developing political support to motivate policymakers to act
- nurses can act as advocates, contacting policymakers/legislators and encouraging them to support a specific policy solution
policy legitimation
the policy is put into action – may involve creating new regulations to further clarify the details of the policy, building physical or virtual space so support transactions or interactions, hiring people to do new work, implementing new processes and/or procedures, spending money, and enforcing laws
policy implementation
involves assessing the extent to which a policy successfully improves the problem it was designed to fix; can be conducted by governmental agencies, researchers, the media, and others
- nurse researchers can evaluate the extent to which a new policy impacted the problem it was designed to improve– the key is to recognize problems as part of a larger system, to see that they are not an individual problem, but the result of a gap in policy
policy evaluation
a home health agency that is motivated by a not-for-profit philosophy
voluntary agency
a home health agency that is not freestanding in the community, one of many specialty services offered in a hospital setting
hospital-based agency
a home health agency that is motivated by a not-for-profit philosophy
proprietary agency
a home health agency that exists at the bequest of local, state, or federal legislation
official agency
Medicare eligibility requirement
high margins indicate that increases in payments exceeded the increase in costs
- Medicare’s payments have always been in excess of cost under prospective payment
spending
Medicare eligibility requirement
number of agencies serving the public – the slower decline in supply of home health agencies suggests that neither the coronavirus pandemic or the PDGM has had a significant impact on the supply
quantity
Medicare eligibility requirement
the decline in services was not attributable to the implementation of the PDGM
beneficiaries
Medicare eligibility requirement
a significant financial incentive for HHAs with excess capacity to serve additional Medicare patients
profits
Medicare eligibility requirements
number of home health patient who were hospitalized during their spell of home health services fell slightly
quality of care
insufficient number and diversity of formal services and providers; lack of acceptable services and human service infrastructure
availability
shortages of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation; cultural and geographic isolation
accessibility
poverty and inability to pay for services
affordability
low levels of info dissemination; literacy issues
awareness
lack of service standards and evaluation; evidence-based practice compromised
adequacy
reluctance to ask for help
acceptability
