Exam 1

Question 1

systematics

Answer 1

relationships between organisms

Question 2

taxonomy

Answer 2

classification of organisms

Question 3

KPCOFGS

Answer 3

Kingdom
Phyllum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 4

what are the 6 major phyla(phyllum) of fungi?

Answer 4

chytridiomycota
blastocladiomycota
ascomycota
basidiomycota
glomeromycota
neocallumastigomycota

Question 5

-Contain several genera of mycorrhizal fungi
-Form arbuscules that develop inside of the living root and provide nutrient transfer
-Aseptate hyphae
-Large spores
-Fruiting body called a sporocarp

Answer 5

Glomeromycota

Question 6

-Aquatic fungi that have flagellate zoospores
-Occur in freshwater and mud
-Can be saprobic or parasitize aquatic arthropods
-Can be free swimming or form colonies called sporophytes: zoosporangia and meiosporangea
-Nuclear cap helps identify species in this phyllum
-Unique structures called rhizoids

Answer 6

Blastocladiomycota

Question 7

-Aerobic zoosporic fungi that primarily live in aquatic environments but can also live in soil
-Can be saprobic and/or pathogenic
-Huge impact on amphibians
-Form thallus- multinucleate spheroidal bodies

Answer 7

Chytridiomycota

Question 8

-Compromised of 20 anaerobic species that exist in the guts of herbivores
-Lack mitochondria
-Aid in plant cell wall degradation
-Might be inside of you…

Answer 8

Neocallimastigomycota

Question 9

-A hot mess of 900 or more species
-The sporangiophores from this cause the white, fluffy growths on food
-Microsporidium- fungi but not
-Oomycetes will act like fungi and respond to fungicide but are not fungi

Answer 9

Zygomycota

Question 10

Includes 30,000 species
-Saprobic, symbiotic, pathogenic, economic
-Yeasts, rusts, and smuts
-This and Ascomycota form what we traditionally think of as mushrooms
-Clamp connections
-Produce spores called basdiospores that are produced by basida cells

Answer 10

Basidiomycota

Question 11

what are the two types of hyphae?

Answer 11

septate and coenocytic (aseptate)

Question 12

multicellular formations

Answer 12

septate

Question 13

multinucleate but shared cytoplasm

Answer 13

coenocytic

Question 14

what kind of cells are fungi?

Answer 14

eukaryotic

Question 15

what kind of pressure do fungi have within its cells? similar to plant cells.

Answer 15

turgor-hydrostatic pressure

Question 16

a single filament of a fungus
-includes cell wall and all its contents.

Answer 16

hyphae

Question 17

a mass of hyphae that make up the
vegetative body of a fungus
-often form “mats”.

Answer 17

mycelium

Question 18

long chains of
carbohydrates that make up the cell
walls of fungi
-similar to insect exoskeletons
-strong and flexible

Answer 18

chitin

Question 19

what parts of the fungi need to grow against gravity?

Answer 19

hyphae, fruiting bodies, rhizomorphs, conidiophores

Question 20

______ continuously
grow, independently of
nuclear division.
due to this asynchronistic growth,
some septa can contain __________________.

Answer 20

hyphae, hundreds of nuclei

Question 21

what aids in aerial growth in several parts of fungi?

Answer 21

unique proteins called
hydrophobins- hydrophobic proteins that reduce the surface
tension at the interface of hyphae and the surrounding area.

Question 22

the above ground growth of fungi
-includes gills, cap, stalk, etc.

Answer 22

fruiting body

Question 23

________, ______________, and the ___________ all play a role in the structure of hyphae.

Answer 23

cell wall, cytoplasm pressure, and the cytoskeleton

Question 24

these fungi seem to harvest energy from ionizing radiation

Answer 24

autotrophic fungi

Question 25

cell walls of fungi are

Answer 25

porous

Question 26

aseptate hyphal growth often radiates from

Answer 26

a single spore

Question 27

hyphae that penetrate the cuticle of the leaf to absorb nutrients from within without killing the cell

Answer 27

haustoria

Question 28

inflated cells produced by plant pathogens on the leaf surface of their hosts

Answer 28

appressoria

Question 29

hardened case of hyphae that allow the fungi to survive harsh conditions

Answer 29

sclerotia

Question 30

all the structures of the mushroom are formed by hyphae and unique cells called

Answer 30

pseudoparenchyma

Question 31

how do fruiting bodies begin?

Answer 31

by hyphae forming into knots. -these knots swell to form the primordium or embryonic fruiting body

Question 32

what are the different mechanisms for spore release?

Answer 32

universal veil partial veil hymenium

Question 33

occurs through mitosis of nuclei, creating clones of the parent.

Answer 33

asexual spore production

Question 34

production, transportation, and germination are often dependent on nutrient availability. -needs both parents -several methods for dispersal -waits for favorable conditions

Answer 34

sexual spores

Question 35

what are the methods of spore dispersal?

Answer 35

air water dispersal cavitation animal dispersal rain and vibrations turgor pressure

Question 36

which species has a specific method of spore dispersal?

Answer 36

ascomycetes

Question 37

structure bearing asci (singular ascus), this is the general terms for the fruiting body of ascomycetes

Answer 37

ascocarp

Question 38

inside the ascus is the

Answer 38

ascospore

Question 39

explain buller's drop

Answer 39

ballistosporic discharge water condenses onto the spore and forms a single drop, as the water moves rapidly across the surface of the spore, it causes the spore to project into the air. -sometimes it can project the spore over 6 meters!

Question 40

why do spores have unique shapes?

Answer 40

over time they have adapted differently, and they all have different dispersal methods.

Question 41

what is different between aquatic spores and terrestrial spores?

Answer 41

aquatic spores move through water terrestrial spores thrive on land

Question 42

oospores -> zoospores -> sporangeia -> mixed spores

Answer 42

phytopthora

Question 43

the smallest entity capable of independent survival and reproduction

Answer 43

individual

Question 44

a group of organisms that can potentially interbreed and produce fertile offspring, essentially a category of organisms sharing similar characteristics

Answer 44

species

Question 45

assemblages of individuals occurring at the same time, in the same geographic region

Answer 45

population

Question 46

a process that helps plants adapt to their environment and survive

Answer 46

natural selection

Question 47

what are the 3 types of selection?

Answer 47

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

Question 48

what are the two other types of selection that act to preserve genetic driversity?

Answer 48

balancing and frequency dependent

Question 49

change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance

Answer 49

genetic drift

Question 50

transfer of genes between populations

Answer 50

gene flow

Question 51

the passing of one or more genes through routes other than parent to offspring -this has been observed in many fungal species

Answer 51

horizontal gene transfer

Question 52

good for sharing resources cooperation between regions asexual reproduction

Answer 52

genetically identical fusion

Question 53

functional diploidy genetic exchange structural formation

Answer 53

genetically distinct fusion

Question 54

in genetically distinct individuals, why is hypahl fusion not always a good thing?

Answer 54

nuclei competition, some nuclei can replace the other mitochondria shut down spreading viruses

Question 55

the study of how DNA interacts with smaller molecules found within cells wich can activate and deactivate genes

Answer 55

epigenetics

Question 56

ignore me