Exam 2

Question 1

what drives adaptations and evolution?

Answer 1

natural selection

Question 2

how do fungi absorb nutrients?

Answer 2

excrete enzymes called glucanase to breakdown cellulose of plants and other practices

Question 3

what is founder effect and how does it play a role in speciation?

Answer 3

occurs when a small group of individuals colonizes a new area, leading to a reduced genetic diversity and a distinct genetic makeup in the new population compared to the original one

Question 4

how does founder effect relate to secondary metabolites?

Answer 4

genes that produce the enzymes for glucanase are next to secondary metabolites that produce antibacterial enzymes and plant toxins

Question 5

how do fungi find nutrients?

Answer 5

some fungi can find nutrients through cord formation, forming cords and cross
non-nutritional spaces in pursuit of
nutrients

Question 6

what unique adaptions have fungi developed to outcompete other organisms?

Answer 6

-some species can produce enzymes that change the pH to better suit their survival
-psychrotolerant species can grow at or just below freezing temps

Question 7

what is geomycology?

Answer 7

is when fungi begin the process of mineralization in soils by deteriorating rocks.

Question 8

can fungi break down non-organic matter? if so, what benefits can humans get from that?

Answer 8

some fungi can break down and consume plastics, which would be beneficial to humans and could possibly decrease excess waste.

Question 9

how does fungi interact with radiation? what adaptions have they developed?

Answer 9

melanin not only protects the outer cell wall but allows the fungi to absorb radiation and convert it into energy.

Question 10

how does bioluminescence work? what species exhibit it? what benefit does it provide fungi?

Answer 10

-electrons are transferred to an acceptor molecule called luciferin which is
then cleaved by luciferase in the presence of oxygen.
-causes the luciferin to emit light
-80 species of basidiomycota exhibit this
-attract insect pollinators

Question 11

know the three kinds of mycorrhizal fungi and how they interact with plants

Answer 11

-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
-ectomycorrhiza (ECM)
-ericoid mycorrhiza (ERM)

Question 12

primarily Basidiomycetes but some ascomycetes formed between forest trees and fungi

Answer 12

ectomycorrhiza (ECM)

Question 13

glomeromycota phylum

Answer 13

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)

Question 14

formed between ascomycetes and ericaceae, occurs in nutrient-poor soils

Answer 14

ericoid mycorrhiza (ERM)

Question 15

what is mycoheterotrophy?

Answer 15

a form of plant nutrition in which a plant
species that has lost its chlorophyll depends on the mycelium of a mycorrhizal fungus to supplement or replace photosynthesis as a source of carbon/energy.

In effect, a mycoheterotrophic plant is a
parasite on the mycorrhizal symbiosis, cheating it of the carbon resources shared in the mycorrhizal mutualism.

Question 16

a hybrid colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among filaments of multiple fungi species

Answer 16

lichen

Question 17

how does lichen form?

Answer 17

through a symbiotic relationship, or mutualistic partnership, between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria

Question 18

what are the different kinds of lichen?

Answer 18

foliose- leafy
fruticose- branching, 3 dimensional
crustose- hard, dry crust structure

Question 19

what are decaying fungi? what do they do? how can humans use them?

Answer 19

-saprobic fungi can decay dead organic matter by acquiring nutrients from it
-these fungi can decay animals and even aid in the decomposition of humans
-forsenic mycology can aid in locating bodies and/or finding the time of death

Question 20

what are the different kinds of wood decaying fungi and what parts of the plant do they decay first?

Answer 20

-brown rot decays cellulose and hemi cellulose
-white rot decays lignin

Question 21

what are the different types of phytopathogens?

Answer 21

necrotrophs
biotrophs
hemi-biotrophic

Question 22

destroy living cells and feed on their contents

Answer 22

necrotrophs

Question 23

feed on living cells without destroying them, but negatively impact a plants fitness

Answer 23

biotrophs

Question 24

start as biotrophs and then destroy the
cells

Answer 24

hemi-biotrophic

Question 25

does a plant have any defense against pathogens?

Answer 25

yes, non-host resistance and basal resistance

Question 26

what is the disease triangle?

Answer 26

host susceptibility severity of environment virulence or abundance of the disease

Question 27

a hyphal formation that allows the fungi to adhere to the plant surface or opening

Answer 27

appressorium

Question 28

slow moving pathogens which typically do not release cell destroying enzymes unless required -some species will utilize the defenses of the plant to obtain nutrients -doesn’t destroy the plant cells, but they do cause harm to the host

Answer 28

biotrophic pathogens

Question 29

how does disease move throughout the world?

Answer 29

as we continue to alter the natural environment, we’re creating opportunity for fungi to invade new spaces -moving soil, moving plants, warming the planet, etc

Question 30

how do new diseases come about?

Answer 30

pathogen introduction into new regions and the evolution of new pathogen strains

Question 31

what can be done to stop the spread of disease?

Question 32

hyphal tip releases enzymes that breakdown plant cells - tissue becomes soft and watery - symptoms observable in leaf spot diseases, pathogen eventually moves into the vascular system of the host and moves throughout the plant

Answer 32

necrotrophic pathogens

Question 33

how does fungi impact humans?

Answer 33

-can be direct or indirect, mutualistic or parasitic, they can live on you or inside of you. -over 80 genera of fungi can cause allergic reactions which can lead to further illness

Question 34

is there a difference between the fungi and the metabolites it produces?

Answer 34

yes, metabolites are small molecules produced by fungi that have their own unique effects.

Question 35

how does fungi interact with invertebrates? what unique structures do they have?

Answer 35

spread via spores that stick to the cuticle of the insect. -germination depends on temperature, humidity, UV light, nutritional and chemical environments. -some insects have toxic compounds in their cuticle to defend against pathogens

Question 36

the parasitic relationship between fungi and invertebrates is most commonly

Answer 36

hemi-biotrophic or necrotrophic with some exceptions

Question 37

what have humans been able to produce with these fungal adaptations?

Answer 37

biopesticides

Question 38

what are the three forms of predatory fungi?

Answer 38

-trap forming fungi -endoparasites infect nematodes entire body -parasites that infect females, eggs, or larvae

Question 39

what are the mutualistic relationships between fungi and invertebrates?

Answer 39

fungi can provide nutrients to some invertebrates while the invertebrates aid in spore dispersal.