Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

language development > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

nativism

A

knowledge is innate
children acquire language rapidly, effortlessly, and without direct instruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

social interactionism

A

crucial part of language development is social interaction with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

connectionism

A

connections used the most are the ones that are strengthened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

behaviorism

A

language is a set of learned behaviors learned through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

usage-based

A

language structure emerges from language use
grammar comes from learning language/not prior to it
observing and actively participating in conversation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

infant form discrimination

A

contingent sucking rate/high amplitude sucking (sucking procedures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does infant form discrimination measure

A

pacifier tracks # of and intensity of sucks to see if babies can “tell the difference”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

contingency

A

testing babies’ ability to learn a new thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

infant form discrimination example in class

A

baby sucks, more sucking = more sound, learning that one thing depends on another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

infant form discrimination age

A

neonates (newborns/infants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

conditioned head turn preference procedure

A

tests infants sound discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

conditioned head turn preference procedure example in class

A

English /d/ vs Hindi /dh/
infants can tell the difference between these two phonemes because they are “universal listeners” but lose their ability when they get older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

conditioned head turn preference procedure age

A

5-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

association/mapping procedures (5)

A

standardized assessments of vocabulary
looking while listening
switch procedure
novel noun generalization
fast-mapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

eye tracking example in class

A

two identical pictures side by side, let them habituate, typically babies look at new novel face vs habituated face, look at their looking time and length of each fixation

babies have shorter looking times have higher iq, shorter habitation time, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

eye tracking age

A

infancy prior to phonological discrimination age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

looking while listening task

A

two images (one distractor shown) and voice telling them to look at the target image

see how quickly they shift to target object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

18 months looking while listening

A

last syllable doggIE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

24 months looking while listening

A

middle syllable doGGie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

30 months looking while listening

A

first phoneme DOggie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

findings of looking while listening task research

A

inverse relationship between age and processing speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

right side preference

A

babies have a tendency to spend more time looking at stimuli on right side of visual field

left hemisphere of brain is linked to language processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

forced choice novel noun generalization

A

tests ability to generalize
shown objects with same shape but different colors/patterns/sizes
see if they can determine what else would also be named that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

forced choice novel noun generalization findings

A

humans have a shape preference over a color preference because of shape function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
fast mapping
see many objects, not clear exactly which is which (no clear relationship between label and object) can they figure out across many trials what the target object is (uses process of elimination)
26
general measures of language speech samples
record speech in natural contexts (no manipulations), transcribe words/grammar, calculate relevant info like # of words/length of utterance/unique words, etc.
27
LENA recorders
vests worn by children to record natural conversations in different settings like classrooms may test # of child vocalizations vs other children or adults present, tests conversational turn count (back and forths of conversations),
28
standardized assessments of vocabulary
MBCDI vocabulary checklist, do they understand/say the word, measures comprehension/production
29
neuroscience techniques
neural signatures that show how they respond to novel language
30
language is not a ____ process, development is dependent on ____
maturational experience
31
strengths of nativism
children acquire language rapidly without direct instruction, supports critical period of language development, understand and apply rules of language (negatives, verb forms, etc), poverty of the stimulus example
32
weaknesses of nativism
ignores importance of experience and social interaction, all children develop language differently, word meaning is dependent upon context
33
strengths of connectionism
children improve through gradual practice, "universal listeners" phenomenon, incorrect grammar does not last long because those connections are not reinforced
34
weaknesses of connectionism
overlooks importance of critical period, overlooks importance of social interactions
35
strengths of social interactionism
emphasizes that caregivers do play a role in how children develop language, varies across cultures depending on styles of interactions, scaffolding
36
weaknesses of social interactionism
babies still learn language in the absence of interaction, poverty of the stimulus example, hard to measure how much it accounts for
37
strengths of usage based
emphasizes role of social interaction, supported by general cognitive skills (detecting patterns), children's learning paths are not identical
38
weaknesses of usage based
lacks evidence of critical period, poverty of the stimulus example
39
difference between usage based and social interactionism
social interaction: experience is primary driver usage based: learned through usage, cognitive abilities, pattern recognition
40
strengths of behaviorism
accounts for imitation and other methods of learning, highlights importance of exposure and practice
41
weaknesses of behaviorism
application of incorrect grammar rules without reinforcement, does not emphasize critical period
42
when do babies lose universal listening ability
around 8-10 months
43
prenatal auditory exposure
third trimester: fetus hears sounds, mother's voice and heart beat, develops preference for mother's voice neural development of auditory/language information processing structures
44
oral motor reflexes
in infants sucking helps develop early motor control
45
2-4 months speech
cooing and making vowel sounds, no meaning behind them (experimental)
46
6-9 months speech
babbling, controlled/intentional articulations
47
multimodal sensory input 6-12 months
follow visual cues like pointing and engage in joint attention
48
multimodal sensory input 12-24 months
gestures, linking visual cues with tactile cues
49
0-6 months phonemes
can distinguish between phonemes belonging to native and foreign languages
50
6-12 months phonemes
prefer native phonemes to foreign ones, lose ability to distinguish between foreign phonemes
51
12 months phonemes
distinguish between similar phonemes at the beginning of words, begin to produce speech, linking phonemes with meanings, may simplify phonemic sounds
52
24 months phonemes
can produce phonemes in words, may not have motor control to properly articulate though
53
stager and werker 8-14 months
single-word object association task
54
stager and werker 14+ months
task now involves word learning which complicates the task
55
12-18 months word learning
context dependent through repetitive interactions, simple consonant vowel combinations
56
18-24 months word learning
can begin fast mapping which is ability to learn a new word after hearing it only once/twice, guesses on meaning based off of use in a context, overextension, grouping words into overgeneralized categories (all animals are dogs, all foods are snacks)
57
overextension
tendency to associate a word with one thing and believe it applies to other things with similar features (dog has four legs, so do cats and other animals)
58
24-30 months word learning
refining understanding of word meanings and that they may have multiple meanings, two word combinations, social conversations like turn taking
59
30-36 months word learning
rapid vocab growth, increased sentence complexity, understanding abstract concepts
60
important prenatal language experience
develop preference for mother's voice, begin to comprehend variability like intonation and pitch helps them prepare for sound distinguishing after birth, habituate to native language
61
infant voice preference
mother's voice due to habituation and familiarity, may be more attentive or soothed female voices in general most likely due to similarity to that of mother, high pitch voices are more effective for capturing infant attention

language development (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions