Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AGRO350 Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is food insecurity?

A

when people have a lack of access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious foods and therefore are not consuming enough for an active and healthy life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the causes of food insecurity?

A

Unavailability of food, inadequate purchasing power, or inappropriate utilization at the household level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of malnutrition

A
  1. Over-nutrition
  2. Secondary Malnutrition
  3. Micronutrient Malnutrition
  4. Protein Energy Malnutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Overnutrition

A

excessive food intake in relation to energy requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Secondary malnutrition

A

malnutrition due to illness or an underlying health condition that is preventing bodily absorption or utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secondary malnutrition causes

A

Not directly from diet, usually by disrupted body processes like worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Micronutrient malnutrition

A

low intake or malabsorption of vitamins and minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Protein-energy malnutrition

A

condition that occurs when the body doesn’t get enough protein or energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Environmental enteropathy

A

chronic disease of the small intestine characterized by gut inflammation and barrier disruption caused by constant ingestion of feces (contaminated water/open defecation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deficiencies

A

Iodine - thyroid issues, iron- anemia, Vitamin A- growth delay, skin and eye issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Iodine Deficiency

A

goiter and hypothyroidism along with impaired mental functions
comes from salt (iodized salt)
target ages: pregnant women and children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Iron Deficiency

A

fatigue, dizziness, cold hands/feet, pica
lentils, spinach, beef
target ages: pregnant women and then menstruating women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency

A

eye issues, skin dryness, immune cell specialization
immune system function decreases before physical signs
beef liver, carrots, egg yolk, apricots
target ages: infants/children and pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Use of nutrients during starvation

A
  1. Carbs (glycolysis and gluconeogenesis)
  2. Protein (short period because it is detrimental long term)
  3. Fat (body increases fat breakdown and fatty acids become primary energy- ketone bodies)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Metabolic response to malnutrition

A

weight loss (skeletal muscle breakdown and fat usage)
BMR decreases
ketone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nutritional assessments

A

Clinical: physical, labs, and dietary assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What defines good nutrition

A

physical health, disease prevention, energy and performance, mental wellbeing, and longevity of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arthopometric measures

A

Acute malnutrition- height and stunting and MUAC
Chronic- z-scores (2 away from SD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are demands effected during PEM

A

decreased demands - body adapts to amounts of nutrients available and lowers demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens to the immune system during PEM

A

defects in T-cells, altered monokine metabolism (activate immune system), and decreased IL-1 activity (triggers T cell proliferation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to CV and respiratory system during PEM

A

decreased CO, HR, and BP due to muscle atrophy along with lung atrophy and energy conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to muscular system during PEM

A

muscle atrophy, increased fatigue and weakness, Na-K-ATPase pump is not working effectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to GI system during PEM

A

diarrhea for real- impaired absorption of nutrients
low levels of protein= intestinal edema and decrease in luminal absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PEM effects during early life

A

decreased brain growth, nerve myelination issues, NT production decreased, and long-term CNS complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Kwashikor
due to severe protein deficiencies, low albumin, and fatty liver fluid retention - distended abdomen attributed to diet
26
Marasmus
due to total calorie deficiency causing growth failure and muscle wasting sparse or think hair, dry skin underlying social issue of poverty
27
Cognitive impacts of micronutrient malnutrtion
iron- decreased amounts of RBC carrying O2 to the brain iodine- decreased cell specilization
28
Supplementation of micronutrients
Iron- iron pills Iodine- iodized salt VitA- fortified sugar
29
Animal vs Plant sources
rate of absorption and toxicity is dependent on animal or plant sources (vitA and iron)
30
Key indicator for malnutrition
infant mortality rates
31
Key indicator to measure progress of intergenerational malnutrition cycle
intrauterine growth restriction rates
32
What happens when pregnant women are malnourished?
higher rates of fetal loss and malformations LBW babies, IUGR, iodine deficiences, and neuro dysfunction
33
How should you feed a baby?
6mo of exclusive breastfeeding, at 6mo introduce solid food feeds along with breastfeeding, continue into year 2
34
Why are complementary feedings necessary at 6mo?
Sensory development and nutrition needs to be met
35
IUGR
Babies with IUGR tend to have increased CV diseases later in life, increased mortality rates, and impaired functions
36
Learning and growth for babies
exploratory and sensory behavior is extremely encouraged BW is so important because it contributes to growth failure by age 2
37
Pregnant malnutrition
hormonal changes accelerate growth and growth needs to be accompanied by higher nutrient intake- if this doesn't happen before women get pregnant (young mothers) = LBW babies and competition for nutrients
38
Cycle of Malnutrition (Intergenerationally)
stunted women- stunted children- LBW infants
39
Refeeding Effects
confused, fluid overload, decreased muscle contractibility, increase Na+ Fat stores to make glucose--> Carbs coming in CHF is a common complication Diarrhea: body cant keep up/brush boarder enzymes readjusting has to be done slowly
40
Biggest sign of refeeding rehab
Return of appetite
41
ORS
oral rehydration salts used for treating severe acute diarrhea
42
RUTF
ready to use theraputic food for kids who have severe malnutrition but no medical complications and still have an appetite
43
What is a major refeeding factor for kids
sensory stimulation and emotional support
44
Nutritional transitions
shift in diet, physical activity, and causes of disease that accompany changes of diets
45
Factor in nutritional transitions
Urbanization
46
Western diet
increase in fats, sugars, meats, and highly processed food, low in fiber and exercise
47
+/- of Western diet
+ less communicable diseases and undernutrition - higher risk of obesity and chronic disease (CV/diabetes/cancer)
48
To decrease chronic disease you need?
Healthy food to be available to you to have healthy diet
49
Cost of a healthy diet
60% more than a nutrient adequate diet or 5x more as energy sufficient diet
50
How many couldn't afford a heathy diet in 2021?
3 billion people
51
Stunting
low height for age (seen in chronic malnutrition)
52
Wasting
low weight for height (seen in acute malnutrition)
53
RDA
reccomended dietary allowances: average amount of nutrients a healthy person should consume each day to meet their nutritional needs
54
EAR
estimated average requirement: level to meet the needs of 50% of people
55
UL
tolerable upper level: highest level of daily intake to pose no rise of adverse health effects
56
DGA
dietary guidelines american: evidence based recommendations association vs causality
57
Role of calories
Food--> Proteint/Fat/Carbs --> Calories--> energy
58
What is critical for brain and physcial development?
First 1000 days of life
59
Phosphorus Imbalance
low levels cause cardiac, respiratory, and neurological issues
60
Potassium imblance
low levels can lead to irregular heart rhythms
61
Magnesium imbalance
neuromuscular dysfunction

AGRO350 Exam 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions