exam #1 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
the extent to which a measurement accurately assesses what it claims to measure (accuracy)
A
validity
2
Q
earliest sense to develop (2 months gestation)
A
touch
3
Q
independence, self-expression
A
individualistic values
4
Q
- a normal pregnancy can range from __-__ weeks
- infants born before __ weeks are considered premature
A
- 37-41 weeks ; 37
5
Q
people around the child respond to what the child is doing (ex: drawing)
A
evocative genotype > environmental effects
6
Q
- extra or missing sex chromosome
- often linked to parents’ age
(ex: down syndrome - trisomy-21)
A
sex chromosome disorders
7
Q
where does emerging adulthood exist?
A
primarily in developed countries
8
Q
new life stage in developed countries, lasting from the late teens through the mid-twenties, in which people are gradually making their way toward taking on adult responsibilities in love and work
A
emerging adulthood
9
Q
treatments for low birth weight
A
- infant massage
- kangaroo hold
10
Q
anything that can be harmful to the developing organism
(caffeine, raw food, smoking, alcohol, medications, lead)
A
teratogens
11
Q
written questions where participants typically select among answers chosen by the researcher
A
questionnaire
12
Q
the total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and technology
A
culture
13
Q
on average, neonates sleep for __-__ hours per day (3-4 hours at a time)
A
16-17 hours
14
Q
involves analyzing family history and genotypes of prospective parents to identify possible risks
A
genetic counseling
15
Q
the activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy
A
sensation
16
Q
- feelings of frustration, sadness, distress, loss
- deeply stigmatized in collectivist cultures
- women are usually blamed
A
infertility
17
Q
toddlerhood
A
12-36 months (1-3 years)
18
Q
muscles, bones, reproductive system, circulatory system
A
mesoderm
19
Q
infertility can either __ or __ a couple’s relationship
A
strain or strengthen
20
Q
if one variable increases, the other also increases (↑↑)
A
positive correlation
21
Q
types of research measurements
A
- questionnaires
- interviews
- observations (naturalistic or structured)
- biological
22
Q
what are two examples of measures of brain activity?
A
EEG, fMRI
23
Q
spoken questions where participants typically are free to provide their own answers
A
interview
24
Q
emerging adulthood
A
19-25 years
25
neonates spend more time in ___ sleep than adults (probably promotes development)
REM
26
- well developed at birth
- preference for mother’s amniotic fluid & sweet tastes
- food preferences
taste
27
involuntary movement in response to touch, light, sound, or other stimulation
(some are survival mechanisms)
reflexes
28
organs
endoderm
29
why is it difficult to study teratogens?
- correlational research
- multiple risk model
- dose-response relation
- individual differences
- sleeper effects
- sensitive period
30
causes of low birth weight
- malnutrition
- teratogens
- poor prenatal care
- preterm birth
31
stages of birth process
1) labor
2) delivery
3) expelling of placenta & umbilical cord
32
use of sound waves to obtain a representation of the fetus
ultrasound
33
putting yourself in a certain environment
active genotype > environmental effects
34
how is the sex of a child determined?
by sperm
- each sperm cell carries an X or Y chromosome, all eggs contain an X chromosome)
35
eggs carry a __ chromosome
X
36
contractions continue
expelling of placenta & umbilical cord
37
female sex chromosomes
XX
38
procedure of injecting sperm directly into the uterus
artificial insemination
39
measured in weeks, from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual cycle to the current date
gestational age
40
conception to birth
prenatal development
41
fertility treatment involving use of drugs to stimulate growth of follicles in the ovaries, removing them & combining them with sperm, then transferring the most promising zygotes to the uterus
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
42
interaction of multiple genes (creativity, height, intelligence, depression, etc.)
polygenic inheritance
43
skin
ectoderm
44
what neonate weight is considered low birth weight?
less than 5.8 pounds
45
- contractions increase in duration, frequency, and intensity
- cervix dilates
labor
46
every aspect of the individual and the surroundings other than the genes
environment
47
scientific method steps
1) identify a research question
2) propose a hypothesis
3) choose a research design & measurement
4) collect data
5) draw conclusions
48
behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way
variables
49
taking a sample of hair-like projections (villi) from placenta, which contains fetal cells
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
50
- failure to progress (labor takes too long) - oxytocin (pitocin)
- breech presentation
birth complications
51
monitors brain activity when a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen in the brain in response to stimulation
fMRI
52
amniocentesis & CVS mostly done for...
people age 35+ or those with history of genetic disorders/diseases in family
53
if one variable increases, the other decreases (↑↓)
negative correlation
54
cells, chromosomes, DNA, genes
genetics basics
55
- well developed at birth
- preference for mother’s voice and language
- enjoy music: begins prenatally
- sound localization is poor at birth
hearing
56
sperm carries a __ chromosome
X or Y - determines sex of child
57
the extent to which a measurement generates consistent results (consistency)
reliability
58
three stages of prenatal development
- germinal (0-14 days)
- embryonic (2-8 weeks)
- fetal (8 weeks-birth)
59
- the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated”
- ex: is there a correlation between sleep and grades?
- correlation does not equal causation
- positive correlation (↑↑)
- negative correlation (↑↓)
correlational experiment
60
organs & systems formed in embryonic stage
- endoderm: organs
- mesoderm: muscles, bones, reproductive system, circulatory system
- ectoderm: skin
61
present two stimuli and measure where infant is looking
preferential looking to measure visual acuity
62
the way individuals grow and change until adulthood
child development
63
obedience, group harmony
collectivistic values
64
characteristics shared by people growing up in a specific social or historical context
cohort effect
65
- mother pushes, baby crowns and exits birth canal
delivery
66
studying people in a specific social or historical context (quick, easy, cheap)
cross-sectional study
67
male sex chromosomes
XY
68
first two weeks of prenatal development
germinal stage
69
parents provide both genes & environment (ex: playing soccer)
passive-genotype > environmental effects
70
treatment options for infertility
- artificial insemination
- in vitro fertilization (IVF)
71
the study of how genetic activity responds to environmental influences
epigenetics
72
the observable expression of the genotype
phenotype (physical appearance)
73
what is the rate of low birth weight?
- 8% US
- 15% worldwide
74
early childhood
3-6 years
75
latest sense to develop
vision
76
- fetal growth in size
- organs begin to function
quickening: fetal movements felt
- not as susceptible to teratogens
- the fetal experience and learning
fetal stage
77
includes measures of genetic, hormonal, and brain activity
biological measures
78
collecting quantitative data by observing a given phenomenon
structured observation
79
adolescence
10-18 years
80
types of research designs
- natural experiment
- ethnographic
- case study
- correlational research**
- experimental research**
81
occurs naturally but provides interesting scientific information to the observer
naturalistic observation
82
assessed 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
- appearance
- pulse
- grimace
- activity
- respiration
APGAR scale (0-2 points)
83
theory that genes influence the environment that we experience
theory of genotype-environment effects
84
amniotic fluid is withdrawn via a syringe; cells are examined for genetic disorders
amniocentesis
85
- protection from physical and psychological harm
- informed consent
- confidentiality
- deception and debriefing
ethical guidelines
86
monitoring the growth and health of the embryo/fetus; detect prenatal problems
prenatal testing
87
studying the same group of people over a period of time (expensive, easy to lose participants)
longitudinal study
88
genetics vs how you grow up
nature vs nurture
both 100% role in development
89
- involves comparing an experimental group to a control group
- independent variable is manipulated
- dependent variable is measured
experimental research
90
- formation of body organs and systems
- support system (amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord)
- beginning of brain development
- nervous system begins functioning during 6th week
- very susceptible to teratogens
embryonic stage
91
middle childhood
6-9 years
92
measures the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex
- allows researchers to measure overall activity & activation of specific parts
EEG
93
infancy
birth-12 months
94
set of genetic traits a person inherits
genotype (genetic makeup)
95
the interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving our sense organs and brain
perception
