exam #3 Flashcards
(48 cards)
Bowlby’s theory of attachment
- preattachment
- attachment-in-the-making
- clear-cut attachment
- reciprocal relationships
why do gender differences exist?
biology
- evolution
- hormones (androgens vs estrogens)
socialization
- the process by which an individual learns the rules and norms of appropriate behavior
- parents, teachers, peers, and the media are involved
Bronfenbrenner’s exosystem
the child’s extended family, family friends, neighbors, mass media, social welfare services, legal services
boys and girls are treated differently by ___
parents, teachers, peers
Mead’s classifications focused on how a child’s ___ expands as they grow older while Bronfenbrenner focused on the ___ that the child develops in
M: social circle
B: broader context
- gender roles & stereotypes
- gender segragation: friends are mostly same-sex peers
occurs in ___ childhood
middle childhood
low in demandingness (↓ D)
low in responsiveness (↓ R)
disengaged parenting
- gender identity: “am I a boy or girl?”
- gender constancy: “my gender stays the same whatever I do”
occurs in ___ childhood
early childhood
- social construct
- gender markers
- how you see yourself
gender identity
female chromosomes
XX
- solitary: children play by themselves
- onlooker: children watch someone else play
- parallel play: children play near/beside each other but don’t interact directly
play in toddlerhood
attachment-in-the-making
6 weeks-6 months
Bronfenbrenner’s macrosystem
the child’s culture
clear-cut attachment
6-18 months
- simple social play (ex: tag)
- cooperative pretend play (ex: pretend school)
- cognitive development drives more complex & rule based play (ex: play with action figures with rules)
- fantasy play (ex: imaginary friends)
- hobbies (ex: collecting things)
- board/card/video games
- organized/unorganized sports
play in middle childhood
- simple social play: interacting with others (sharing, taking turns, following rules)
- cooperative pretend play: children engage in imaginary scenarious while collaborating, sharing roles, and working toward a goal
play in early childhood
child spends a large part of the day with peers, typically in school under authority of teachers
school/community child (age 6-10)
- gender is one of our most important schemas from early childhood onward
- on the basis of our socialization we have learned to categorize a wide range of activities, objects, and
personality characteristics as “female” or “male” - gender schemas influence how we interpret the behavior of others & what we expect from them
gender schema theory
child still cared for mainly by mothers, but spends more time with other children
knee child (age 3-4)
low in demandingness (↓ D)
high in responsiveness (↑ R)
permissive parenting
representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general
internal working model
- gender-intensification hypothesis: intensified pressure to conform to gender roles; results in increased difference between boys and girls
occurs in ___
adolescence
Mary Ainsworth strange situation
studied the security of attachment in infants by putting them in different scenarios
- children in a room in different scenarios with their mother and other people to see how they react to their mother’s leaving and retunring, and the ‘strange’ person
born with mix of male & female genitalia
intersex
