Exam 1 Flashcards
(43 cards)
What characterizes pathological aging?
Greater than average decline including cognitive impairment or chronic disease
Pathological aging is not the norm and represents a severe form of aging.
What is successful aging?
Maintenance of positive physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development longer, declining later in old age
Associated with higher quality of life and independence.
Define chronological age.
Number of years that have elapsed since birth.
What does biological age refer to?
Person’s age in terms of biological health.
What is psychological age?
Individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of others of the same chronological age.
What protective factors for cognitive functioning in older adults were identified?
Conscientiousness and emotional stability.
What psychological well-being factors predict lower mortality risk?
Higher purpose in life, positive affect, optimism, social support, and life satisfaction.
What are the steps of the scientific method?
- Conceptualize a problem
- Develop hypotheses
- Collect data
- Analyze data
- Draw conclusions.
What distinguishes a theory from a hypothesis?
Theory is an interrelated set of ideas; hypotheses are specific testable predictions.
What is the primary focus of Freud’s oral stage?
Pleasure centered around the mouth.
What is the primary conflict during Freud’s anal stage?
Bowel and bladder control.
What happens if fixation occurs at Freud’s oral stage?
Issues with dependency or aggression may develop.
What is the Oedipus complex?
Feelings of wanting to possess the mother and replace the father.
What is the focus of the latency stage in Freud’s psychosexual stages?
Sexual feelings are dormant.
What characterizes Erikson’s stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?
Babies learn to trust caregivers or develop mistrust if needs are unmet.
What is the main focus of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
Learning through sensory experiences and motor actions.
What is object permanence?
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
What is the key milestone of the formal operational stage?
Ability to think abstractly and reason hypothetically.
Define accommodation in Piaget’s theory.
Altering existing schemas as a result of new information.
What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refer to?
Range of tasks too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance.
What is scaffolding?
Support from a more knowledgeable person.
What does Skinner’s operant conditioning focus on?
How behavior is influenced by consequences.
What is the role of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Increases the likelihood of a behavior.
What does Bandura’s observational learning emphasize?
People learn by observing others.
