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Psych 150 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does MRI research reveal about brain changes in middle to late childhood?

A

Continued brain changes even as total brain volume stabilizes

This indicates ongoing development despite a plateau in overall brain size.

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2
Q

What cognitive functions are associated with prefrontal cortex development?

A

Improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

This development is crucial for higher-level thinking and decision-making.

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3
Q

Define learning disabilities.

A

Difficulties with reading, writing, speaking, math, and comprehension

These challenges can significantly impact academic performance.

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4
Q

What is dyslexia?

A

Severe reading/spelling impairment

This condition affects the ability to decode words and comprehend text.

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5
Q

What is dysgraphia?

A

Handwriting impairment

Individuals with dysgraphia struggle with writing, including spelling and organizing thoughts on paper.

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6
Q

What does dyscalculia refer to?

A

Math computation difficulty

It specifically affects the ability to understand numbers and perform calculations.

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7
Q

What are emotional/behavioral disorders?

A

Persistent problems in relationships, aggression, or fears

These disorders can interfere with social functioning and academic performance.

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8
Q

Define Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

A

Brain-based condition involving communication difficulties and repetitive behaviors

ASD presents a range of challenges related to social interaction and communication.

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9
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

Global self-evaluation

It reflects how individuals perceive their overall worth.

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10
Q

Define self-concept.

A

Domain-specific evaluations (e.g., academic, athletic)

Self-concept is more focused than self-esteem, addressing specific areas of competence.

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11
Q

What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?

A

Belief in one’s capacity to achieve goals

This belief influences motivation and persistence in challenging tasks.

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12
Q

How does self-regulation change in middle childhood?

A

Increases, characterized by deliberate efforts to manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts

This leads to improved social competence and achievement.

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13
Q

What is Kohlberg’s preconventional level of moral development?

A

External rewards/punishments

At this level, children assess morality based on consequences.

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14
Q

Describe the conventional level of moral reasoning.

A

Societal rules and expectations

Individuals develop expectations about social roles and adherence to norms.

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15
Q

What characterizes the postconventional level of moral reasoning?

A

Abstract moral principles and justice

This level involves evaluating laws and societal norms against ethical standards.

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16
Q

What are critiques of Kohlberg’s moral development theory?

A

Too much emphasis on moral thought, not enough on moral behavior; gender bias

Critics argue his theory undervalues emotional factors in moral decision-making.

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17
Q

What is the constructivist teaching approach?

A

Student-centered, active exploration and reflection

This method encourages students to discover knowledge through guided inquiry.

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18
Q

Define direct instruction.

A

Teacher-led, structured, skill-focused

This approach emphasizes clear guidance and high expectations from teachers.

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19
Q

What is a fixed mindset?

A

Belief that qualities can’t change

Individuals with this mindset may avoid challenges due to fear of failure.

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20
Q

Define growth mindset.

A

Belief that effort leads to growth

This mindset fosters resilience and a willingness to learn from mistakes.

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21
Q

What is adolescent egocentrism according to Elkind?

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A

Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents

This includes feelings of being constantly observed and unique.

22
Q

What is the imaginary audience phenomenon?

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A

Belief that others are watching them

This can lead to increased self-consciousness among adolescents.

23
Q

Define personal fable.

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A

Sense of uniqueness and invincibility

Adolescents may feel that their experiences are unlike anyone else’s.

24
Q

What is the top-dog phenomenon?

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A

Shift from elementary to middle school creates social and emotional challenges

This transition often affects students’ self-esteem and attitudes toward school.

25
What are the leading causes of death in adolescents?
Unintentional injury, homicide, suicide ## Footnote These factors highlight significant health risks during adolescence.
26
What risky behavior is linked to unsafe driving in adolescents?
Substance use (e.g., alcohol, energy drinks) ## Footnote These behaviors significantly increase the likelihood of accidents.
27
What trends have been observed in adolescent drug use?
Peaked in 1990s, declined in 2000s, notable declines in LSD, cocaine, cigarettes, sedatives, tranquilizers, and ecstasy ## Footnote This indicates changing attitudes and behaviors regarding substance use.
28
What is postformal thought?
Reflective, contextual, and flexible cognitive stage of adult development ## Footnote It involves understanding that problems may have multiple solutions.
29
What happens to crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence in later adulthood?
Crystallized intelligence increases; fluid intelligence declines ## Footnote Crystallized intelligence reflects accumulated knowledge, while fluid intelligence involves reasoning abilities.
30
What is temperament in childhood linked to?
Adult personality ## Footnote Early behavioral styles can predict later personality traits.
31
What are the types of attachment styles?
Secure, avoidant, anxious ## Footnote These styles influence interpersonal relationships throughout life.
32
What are Sternberg's types of love?
Romantic, affectionate, consummate ## Footnote Each type represents different aspects and stages of love relationships.
33
What does Gottman’s Love Maps refer to?
Knowing partner’s inner world strengthens marriage ## Footnote Understanding each other's thoughts and feelings is crucial for relationship health.
34
What trend is observed in marriage rates?
Increased singlehood and cohabitation; age of first marriage rising ## Footnote These changes reflect evolving societal norms regarding relationships.
35
What is rapport talk according to Tannen?
Relational communication ## Footnote This type of talk focuses on building connections and relationships.
36
Define report talk.
Informational communication ## Footnote This style emphasizes the exchange of information and facts.
37
What does Hyde's view on gender suggest?
Gender as a mosaic, not binary; biology + culture shape identity ## Footnote This perspective recognizes the complexity of gender identity.
38
What is the focus of time perception in middle/late adulthood?
Time-left-to-live ## Footnote This shift influences priorities and life choices.
39
What are the career challenges faced in midlife?
Globalization, downsizing, retirement ## Footnote These factors can impact job security and satisfaction.
40
What does the activity theory of aging propose?
Stay socially/physically engaged ## Footnote Active involvement is linked to greater life satisfaction in older adults.
41
What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?
Focus on emotionally meaningful goals ## Footnote Motivation shifts as individuals perceive their time as limited.
42
What does the SOC theory stand for?
Selection, optimization, and compensation ## Footnote This theory describes how individuals adapt to aging by reallocating resources.
43
What is the free-radical theory of aging?
Aging caused by oxidative damage in cells due to free radicals ## Footnote This theory highlights the impact of cellular damage on the aging process.
44
Define cognitive mechanics.
Processing speed, attention; decline with age ## Footnote These represent the brain's neurophysiological architecture.
45
What are cognitive pragmatics?
Language, life skills; stable or grow with age ## Footnote These reflect the culture-based skills that help individuals manage life's challenges.
46
What types of memory decline with age?
Explicit, episodic, source memory ## Footnote These types of memory are often most affected by aging.
47
What type of memory tends to remain stable?
Implicit memory ## Footnote This type involves skills and tasks that do not require conscious recollection.
48
What is the activity theory of successful aging?
Older adults who are active and involved are more satisfied ## Footnote Engagement in life is crucial for well-being in older age.
49
What is the significance of health care burden in an aging society?
Rising health care costs linked to increasing older adult population ## Footnote This trend raises concerns about resource allocation and policy.
50
What are the five stages of dying according to Kübler-Ross?
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance ## Footnote These stages represent a framework for understanding the emotional responses to death.
51
True or False: The stages of dying are necessarily linear.
False ## Footnote Individuals may experience these stages in varying sequences and durations.

Psych 150 (2 decks)

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