Exam #1 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Define phenomenology (UFV definition)
A
The understanding of the nature and meaning of lived experiences.
(ie. how a situation has influenced a persons view and outlook on health)
2
Q
Why do nurses require phenomenology in their practice?
A
In order that we can strive to understand a persons perspective in their situation so we can help support their journey in health competently and ethically.
3
Q
Who is the expert on an individuals personal health?
A
The individual themselves. We can never measure how much pain or discomfort an individual feels.
4
Q
Name a few factors which can influence a person’s definition of health
A
- income - #1 influence
- family values
- culture
- education
- their past experiences with health
- accesibility
5
Q
Why should nurses strive to find out whats important to the patient? Give an example.
A
So we can help assist them with an open mind.
Example: to help a patient quite smoking. If the reason for their smoking is anxiety driven, possibly we can help find healthier choices to deal with the anxiety.
6
Q
Define phenomenology (Potter & Perry)
A
Lived experience of a specific phenomenon from the perspective of the people who are in the situation.
7
Q
What does phenomonology support in terms of a nusring/patient relationship?
A
Promotes partnerships for health care.
8
Q
How can health be understood?
A
In positive or negative terms.
9
Q
How is the nature of health understood? (3 factors)
A
- disease - objective state of illness
- illness - subjective experience of wellness
- wellness - subjective process (ie. achieving your personal potential)
10
Q
Describe the WHO definition of health (1946)
A
The Constitution of WHO (1946) states that good health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
11
Q
Name some factors in terms of what health looks like?
A
- happy
- optimistic
- no pain
- energy
- satisfying relationships
6, maximized potential - sense of meaning / purpose
12
Q
Name 3 approaches to health that have evolved over the past years.
A
- Medical approach
- Behavioural approach
- Socioenvironmental approach
13
Q
When was the medial approach dominant?
A
During the early 20th century up until the 1970’s.
14
Q
Describe what the medical approach was.
A
- Looking at the individual rather than community.
- Medicine intervenes to restore health and heal disease.
- Disease focused.
15
Q
What happened post WW II in terms of funding?
A
National health removed financial barriers and medical treatments were funded.
16
Q
How was the medical approach defined?
A
Defined by absence of disease.
17
Q
When was the medical approach model challenged and by whom?
A
The WHO 1948.
18
Q
A report was released in 1974 that changed the approach again. Who released this report and what was the focus of the report?
A
Lalonde released this report and it was focused on a behavioural approach.
19
Q
Describe what the behavioural approach focuses on.
A
Lifestyle choices:
persons decisions
habits
environments
Person responsible for their health.
20
Q
What was flawed about the behavioural approach?
A
It only worked well for people in the higher income brackets. People who could afford gym memberships, the healthier choices in food, etc.
21
Q
Around what time frame was it noticed that the people with higher incoming were succeeding in the behavioural approach?
A
During the mid 1980’s
22
Q
What negative impact did the behavioural approach have on an individual?
A
It led to “victim blaming”.
23
Q
Describe socioenvironmental approach
A
This approach was aimed more at a society rather than an individual.
24
Q
What approach must the socioenvironmental model have so that everyone can maintain access?
A
A structural approach
25
Describe how the responsibility shifted during the socioenvironmental approach.
It shifted from the individual to society as a whole.
26
Give an example in todays society of medical approach.
Emergency Room / Hospitals
27
Give an example of behavioural approach in todays society
School programs
Social marketing / bus stops
Education
28
Give an example of socioenvironmental approach in todays society
Public health services
Population health approach
Mobile services
29
What was the WHOs conception of health in 1984?
Health viewed as the extent to which an individual or group is able on one hand realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and on the other hand to change or cope with the environment.
Health is seen as a resource to everyday living; but not as an object of living.
Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities.
30
Define life expectancy
average lifespan of people
31
Define morbidity rates
incidence/prevalence of disease
32
Define mortality rates
the number of deaths divided by total population in a given time
33
Define causes of death
reflects disease, safety, etc. in a given time
34
What is the life expectancy in Canada for men and women
Women: 83 years old
Men: 79 years old
35
What is the life expectancy in BC for men and women?
Women: 84 years old
Men: 80 years old
36
Why are women's life expectancies typically longer then mens?
women are more proactive then men in expressing emotion, seeking help, etc.
37
What are the 4 most prevalent diseases?
1. diabetes
2. cancer
3. cardiovascular disease
4. respiriatory disease
38
Describe what is meant by "upstream" vs. "downstream"
Upstream: finding the root of the problem
Downstream: band-aid effect
39
Why is it important for nurses to study life span development?
Understanding others will be a part of our everyday lives as nurses and the more we learn about people and understand the different stages of life they are in, the better prepared we will be to help them. It will also promote stronger more rewarding relationships with our patients.
40
Define "development"
A pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
41
What does a traditional approach on development encompass?
It states that childhood is a unique time of development that lays the foundation for adult years.
42
Name the 3 traditional approaches, their time frame and the belief that follows them.
1. Original Sin (500's - 1400's) - children inherently bad, born as evil beings
2. Tabula Rasa (1600's) - children born as blank slates (neither good or bad)
3. Innate Goodness (1700's) - children inherently good
43
Name the more contemporary approach to develoopment
Life-Span approach
44
Describe the life span approach (2 points)
1. recognizes that childhood lays foundation for adulthood and is different from adulthood (ie. development occurs through the life span and not just as children
2. different skills/tasks mastered at different times
45
Name the 7 characteristics of lifespan development
1. lifelong
2. multidimensional
3. multidirectional
4. plastic
5. multidisciplinary
6. involves growth, maintenance and regulation
7. contextual
46
Describe the characteristic lifelong in lifespan development
development continues throughout the lifespan; no particular age dominates development
47
Describe the characteristic multidimensional in lifespan development
biological, cognitive, socio-emtional
each dimension influences development and each dimension is intertwined
48
Describe the characteristic multidirectional in lifespan development
grow and decline at all periods of development (i.e. a 3 year old has the ability to learn a second language but may forget to look both ways before crossing the street)
49
Describe the characteristic plastic in lifespan development
the ability to change (ie do you have the ability to retain a new skill at 80 years of age?)
in most cases development becomes less plastic with increased age.
50
Describe the characteristic multidisciplinary in lifespan development
many disciplines involved in studying lifespan development
51
Describe the characteristic "involves growth, maintenance and regulation in lifespan development
dominant characteristic depends on individuals' stage in overall lifespan
52
Describe the characteristic contextual in lifespan development
circumstances of a situation (ie. environment = context of your life)
53
Name the 3 contextual characteristics/influences.
1. Normative Age
2. Non-normative age
3. Normative history-graded influences
54
Give an example of normative age-graded influence
1. puberty, school, marriage, etc.
55
Give an example of non-normative life events
child dies before a parent, divorce, floods in Haiti (not just affecting one generation but will impact many generations)
56
Give an example of normative history-graded influence
historical fact that influences a generation (ie. beatlemania, 9/11, etc)
57
What is median age?
point where half of the age is older and half of the age is younger
58
What does median age help with?
helps define old age and birth rate
59
Name the 3 developmental processes (dimensions in lifespan development)
1. biological
2. cognitive
3. socioemotional
these 3 processes are intertwined
60
Describe the biological development process
changes in the physical nature (ie. puberty, decreased cardiac function in increased age)
61
Describe the cognitive development process
changes in thought, intelligence, mind
62
Describe the socioemotional development process
changes in relationships, emtions, personality
63
Name the 8 periods of development and what ages they include
1. prenatal: conception to birth
2. infancy: birth to 19-24 months
3. early childhood: 19-24 months to 5-6 years
4. middle & late childhood: 6 to 11 years
5. adolescence: 10-12 years to 18-22 years
6. early adulthood: late teens to end of thirties
7. middle adulthood: 40 to 60 years
8. late adulthood: 60 to death
64
Name developments that happen at each of the 8 periods of development (with the exception of prenatal)
1. infancy: learn to walk and talk
2. early to late childhood: gain independence
3. middle & late childhood: demonstrate accomplishments
4. adolescence: change from child to adult
5. early adulthood: pursue higher education, long term relationships, etc.
6. middle adulthood: realizing full potential in career
7. late adulthood: retiring
65
Name the 6 conceptions of age
1. chronological
2. psychological age
3. biological age
4. social age
5. mental age
6. corrected age
66
Describe the 6 conceptions of age
1. chronological - your actual age from birth
2. psychological age - ability to adapt
3. biological age - physical state
4. social age - expectation in a social setting (ie. 19 year old mother)
5. mental age - ability to solve problems - measure IQ
6. corrected age - premature baby born 32 weeks you would then add 8 weeks on to actual age which would then become the corrected age
67
Name the 3 developmental issues
1. nature vs. nuture
2. continuity vs discontinuity
3. stability vs. change
68
Describe nature vs. nurture
do children learn and develop because of genetics or experience?
I feel both have an impact:
- genetics lay the framework
- environment gives us guidelines
69
Describe continuity vs. discontinuity
is development gradual or does it occur in distinct stages?
I feel its gradual when you are going through the change but when you look back you can see them more clearly (fluidity in overlap)
70
Describe stability vs. change
is development characterized by change or stabilty?
for example: are we an older version of ourselves or are we different people?
71
Define theory
an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help explain and make predictions.
they are testible and predict outcomes
72
Name 7 types of developmental theories
1. psychoanalytic theory
2. cognitive theory
3. behavioural and social cognitive theory
4. ethological theory
5. ecological theory
6. moral development theory
7. humanist theory
73
Describe psychoanalytic theory and who the 2 theorists involved
Focuses on unconscious thoughts.
1. Sigmund Freud
2. Erik Erickson
74
What does Freud's theory focus on?
psychosexual
75
Name Freud's 5 stages of development and describe
1. oral - birth to 18 months (pleasures centre around the mouth...chewing, sucking, biting)
2. anal - 18 months to 3 years (elimination functions and anus)
3. phallic - 3-6 years (genitals - self exploration)
4. latency - 6 years to puberty (represses sexual interest; develop social & intellectual skills
5. genital - puberty onward (sexual reawakening; sources of sexual pleasure now someone outside of the family
76
What does Freud's theory focus on?
psychosocial
primary motivation is social, reflects desire to affiliate with others
77
Name Erickson's -first 4 stages of development and briefly describe
1. trust vs. mistrust - birth to 12 months - learn to trust environment
2. autonomy vs shame & doubt - 12 months to 3 years - encourage to do things themselves?
3. initiative vs guilt - 3 to 5 years - being independent?
4. industry vs inferiority - 6 to 12 years - share accomplishments?
78
Name Ericksons - 2nd set of 4 stages of development
5. identity vs role confusion - 12 to 20 years - who are we?
6. intimacy vs. isolation - 20 to 30 years - health relationships?
7. generavity vs stagnation - 40 to 50 years - success or failure?
8. integrity vs. despair - 60 years plus - able to cope with aging?
79
What do cognitive theories emphasize on?
emphasizes conscious thoughts and associated with construction of knowledge
80
Name the two theorists involved in cognitive theory.
1. Jean Piaget
| 2. Lee Vygotsky
81
What does Jean Piaget's theory describe
1. there are 4 stages of cognitive development
| 2. children actively construct their understanding of the world whilst going through the 4 stages of development
82
Name the 4 stages of Jean Piaget's cognitive development and describe
1. sensorimotor - birth to 2 years - children observe world with their senses
2. preoperational - 2 to 7 years - children form images and words to represent thoughts
3. concrete operational - 7 to 11 years - logical thought
4. formal operational - 11 years and up - develop ability for abstact thoughts
83
Describe Lee Vygotsky's social-cultural theory and give an example
similiar to piaget's accept it also focuses on the influence culture and social interactions have on cognitive development
eg. play shapes how children make sense of their world
84
Name 2 behavioural and social cognitive theorists
1. Skinner
| 2. Bandura
85
What does Skinner's theory focus on?
OPERANT CONDITIONING
rewards and punishments shape development
behaviour followed by a reward is more likely to reoccur than behaviour followed by a punishment
86
What does Bandura's social cognitive theory focus on?
similar to skinner but leaves out cognitive piece.
learning occurs through observing and imitating behaviour of others
87
What are ethological theories?
links human behaviour to those observed in animals
belief that you are born with it (ie. babies crying)
88
Name two ethological theorists
Konrad Lorenz
| John Bowlby
89
Describe Lorenz's theory
Innate learning within a limited critical time period that involves attachment to the first moving object seen.
90
Describe Bowlby's theory
The type of attachment an infant has with his/her caregiver in the first year of life will influence development.
positive secure attachment = positive development
negative insecure attachment = negative development
ie. cannot spoil a baby
91
What are ecological theories?
Emphasizes importance of environmental factors
92
Name an ecological theorist
Urie Bronfenbrenner
93
Name the 5 systems Bronfenbrenner outlines in his theory and describe
1. microsystem - context of your life
2. mesosystem - how microsystems react with each other
3. exosystem - economics, politics, healthcare
4. macrosystem - country you live in
5. chronosystem - pattern of events over a persons lifespan (ie. how 9/11 - how did it impact peoples lives?)
94
Describe moral development theories
They attempt to explain how moral values are acquired. (subset of cognitive theories - determining right from wrong)
95
Name a moral theorist
Kohlberg
96
Describe the 3 levels of moral development in Kohlberg's theory
1. level 1: preconventional reasoning - 6-12 years - controlled by external rewards and punishments; no internalization of morals
2. level 2: conventional reasoning - early-mid adolescence - abides by standards of others; intermediate internalization of morals
3. level 3: postconventional reasoning - late adolescence on - morality is completely internalized and not based on others standards
97
Describe humanist theory
People strive to become the best they can be. Behaviour is motivated toward self improvement.
98
Name a humanist theorist
Abraham Maslow
99
Describe Maslows beliefs
We are born neutral or good.
Social and cultural factors influence the hierachy.
100
Name the 5 steps in Maslows hiearchy of needs
1. physiological
2. safety
3. love/belonging
4. esteem
5. self actualization (only 2% reach this level)
101
Which theory is used in nursing
Eclectic theoretical orientation
102
What is the eclectic theoretical orientation?
1. selects the best features of all theories
| 2. aids in understanding the complexity of lifespan development
103
What is the importance of development theories in nursing?
1. gain greater insights into our own history
| 2. helps us understand the behaviour of patients and how they behave and why they behave the way they do
104
What report was released in 1974 and what did it consider?
1. The Lalonde report
| 2. Led to behavioural approach and considered DOH to be biology and genetics, health care, environment and lifestyle)
105
What year was Primary Health Care defined and which document defined it?
1978 through the Alma Alta Declaration during a global conference
106
When was Health Promotion defined and which document defined it?
1986 through the Ottawa Charter. Shift from individual to society - socioenvironmental approach.
107
What are the 5 types of primary health care in Canada?
PPCRS
1. promotive
2. preventive
3. curative
4. rehabilitative
5. supportive
108
Name the 5 principles of primary health care
| APHAI
APHAI
1. Accessibility - equally accessible
2. Public participation - self help groups
3. Health promotion - sex ed or hot lunch programs in school
4. Appropriate skills and technology - know how to use equipment properly (ie. asian woman in Abbotsford were not getting their annual paps done because it wasn't culturally appropriate to receive from male dr.s so a female driven clinic was opened).
5. Intersectoral collaberation - teen pregnancies (nurses & schools work together)
109
Name 5 points of the primary health care philosophy - ESCSE
ESCSE
1. equity
2. social justice
3. choice
4. self determination
5. empowerment
110
Name the 8 "essentials" of primary health care
ELEMENTS
1. education for health
2. locally endemic disease control
3. expanded program for immunization
4. maternal and child health including responsible parenthood
5. essential drugs
6. nutrition
7. treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases
8. safe water and sanitation
111
Describe the 5 types of primary health care
PPCRS
1. promotive - education that maintains or enhances persons health
2. preventative - element of risk - programs that aim at reducing risk (ie. flu shots)
3. curative - treatment for disease
4. rehabilitative - assist in getting better after sickness and prevent complications
5. supportive/palliative - end of life care - keeping people comfortable
112
Define Health Promotion (UFV)
any activity or program designed to improve social and environmental living conditions such that a person's experience of well-being is increased
113
What are the 3 levels of prevention
1. primary prevention
2. secondary prevention
3. tertiary prevention
114
Describe primary prevention
no disease evident
115
Name the two levels of primary prevention and describe
1. health promotion - aimed at enhancing or maintain health
2. health protection - also aimed at enhancing and maintaining health but there is a level of risk (ie. family history of high cholesterol)
116
Describe secondary prevention
screening - identify early stages of disease (ie. mammograms, breast/testicular exams)
117
Describe tertiary prevention
disease already exists - being able to assist with healthy outcomes.
preventing complication or reoccurences.
118
Name 6 barriers to health promotion
1. time
2. motivation
3. change is difficult
4. lack of resources (financial & physical)
5. knowledge of deficit (nutrition, exercise)
6. non supportive family
119
Describe the role of nursing in health promotion (5 points - RHAEE)
1. role model
2. health education
3. advocate for health and patients
4. encourage, support development of healthy public policy
5. encourage individuals to be involved in decisions related to their health
120
Define UFVs Determinants of Health
The determinants of health are the factors which interact and influence health:
1. personal resources
2. social resources
3. professional resources
4. environmental factors
121
Name 5 major characteristics of personal resources
1. developmental dimension
2. psychosocial dimension
3. cultural dimension
4. spiritual dimension
5. physiological dimension
122
Describe each of the 5 major characteristics of personal resources
1. developmental - cognitive, biological and socioemotional
2. psychosocial - how we think and act (ie. how we cope with stress)
3. cultural - values/traditions, etc.
4. spiritual - experiences in a faith - gives us strength & hope
5. physiological - body systems / physical processes
123
Describe social resources
ie. who are the people that provide support in our lives?
in what way do they provide support? practical / educational
giving emotional support
is it reciprocal?
124
Describe professional resources
interactions with professionals that may improve coping and improve health and well being. These relationships offer support without reciprocity.
125
Describe environmental resources
include all external factors affecting a person including:
1. physical
2. socioeconomic
3. political
126
Describe physical environment
community, house, soil, air quality, sanitation
127
Describe socioeconomic environment
income, education, employment
128
Describe political environment
all levels of government - powers to influence change
129
Name the 6 major nutrients
1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. fats
4. water
5. vitamins
6. minerals
130
What are carbohydrates responsible for and give a few examples?
Function: main source of energy in diet (fuel for brain and muscle during excercise)
Examples: bread, pasta, fruits, corn
131
What are proteins responsible for and give a few examples?
Function: essential for building of body tissue in growth, maintenance and repair.
Examples: chicken, cheese, fish
132
What are fats responsible for and give a few examples?
Function: supplies energy, cushions organs, insulates and protects cell membranes.
Examples: prepared/processed food, snack foods and margarines
133
What are vitamins responsible for?
Function: organic substances essential to normal metabolism. Become part of the structure of body and enzymes.
```
Example: Fat soluable (vitamins A, D E and K)
Water soluable (vitamins C and B complex)
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134
What are minerals responsible for and give examples?
Function: inorganic substances essential to the body. Act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
Example: macrominerals (calcium, sodium, potassium)
trace minerals (iron, iodine, fluoride)
135
What is water responsible for?
Function: cell function depends on fluid environment. Regulates body temperature and solvent for nutrients and waste products.
Makes up 60% to 70% of body weight.
136
What is the difference between monosaccharides and polysaccarides?
monosaccaride = simple carb
building block of all other carbs and cannot be broken down into a more basic carb unit
polysaccharride = complex carb
composed of many carb units
137
Define saccharide
carb unit
138
What is the difference between saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids?
saturated = each carbon chain has 2 attached hydrogen atoms
unsaturated = unequal number of hydrogen atoms are attached and carbon atoms attach to each with a double bond
139
What is the difference between a complete and incomplete protein? Give examples
complete protein = has all 9 essential amino acids (eg. meat)
incomplete protein (does not have all 9 essential amino acids (eg. plant)
140
What is the definition for all biochemical reactions with cells of the body?
metabolism
141
What is the definition for production of more complex biochemical substances by synthesis of nutrients?
anabolism
142
What is the definition for breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances?
canabolism
143
Define environment
the physical and psychosocial factors that influence or affect the life and survival of a patient
144
Name the 3 categories of environment
physical, socioeconomic, political
