exam 1

Question 1

what are the two areas where vertebrates are extremely important to humans?

Answer 1

biomedical research and domestication

Question 2

what are the 5 traditional groupings of vertebrates?

Answer 2

birds, mammals, fishes, reptiles and amphibians

Question 3

what is the Linnean Hierarchy?

Answer 3

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, soup

Question 4

Binomial Nomenclature only includes?

Answer 4

genus and species

Question 5

what is the problem with the linnean hierarchy?

Answer 5

existing taxanomic groups include para- or polyphyletic groups (as opposed to monophyletic)

Question 6

Who introduced cladistics?

Answer 6

Willi Hennig

Question 7

What are synapomorphies?

Answer 7

Shared Derived Characterisitics [syn = shared, apomorpy = derived character]

Question 8

What are symplesimorphies?

Answer 8

Shared Ancestral Characters

Question 9

What are homogolous features?

Answer 9

characteristics of different species that were inherited via common ancestry

Question 10

What is the Kingdom, Phylum and subphylum of Vertebrates?

Answer 10

Animalia, Chordata, and Vertebrata

Question 11

Are all vertebrates chordates?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

are all chordates deuterostomes?

Answer 12

yes

Question 13

What type of cleavage do deuterostomes have?

Answer 13

radial and indeterminate

Question 14

During what period were the earliest chordate fossils found?

Answer 14

Cambrian Period around 500MYA

Question 15

what was the cambrian explosion?

Answer 15

A period of intense animal diversification. First appearance of chordates

Question 16

What are the 4 shared derived characters that Cephalochordata (lancelets), urichordata (tunicates) and vertebrate have?

Answer 16

Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, and endostyle

Question 17

What are the two main key vertebrate derived features?

Answer 17

Cranium (to house sense organs) and vertebral elements (to protect the nerve cord)

Question 18

Lampreys and Hagfish lack what?

Answer 18

jaws

Question 19

what are chondrichthyes?

Answer 19

Cartilaginous fishes. they lack bone

Question 20

What are actinopterygians?

Answer 20

ray-finned fishes (actino = ray)

Question 21

What are sarcopterygians?

Answer 21

Lobed-finned fishes or fleshy-finned fishes

Question 22

what are derived characters?

Answer 22

a character that has changed from it ancestral condition

Question 23

what are shared derived characters?

Answer 23

derived characters shared by two or more taxa

Question 24

What is a parsimonious phylogeny

Answer 24

the evolutionary relationship requiring the fewest number of changes from ancestral to derived character states

Question 25

What is an outgroup?

Answer 25

A group of organisms that is related to but removed from the group under study

Question 26

What is an ingroup?

Answer 26

the group of organisms being considered

Question 27

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 27

the appearance of similar characters in widely separated evolutionary lineages

Question 28

what is parallel evolution?

Answer 28

appearance of similar characters in lineages that have separated recently

Question 29

What is reversal?

Answer 29

return to an ancestral feature

Question 30

what is homoplasy?

Answer 30

similarities that do not indicate common ancestry

Question 31

What are the four derived features of chordates?

Answer 31

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, and endostyle

Question 32

What is the ectoderm?

Answer 32

The outer embryonic germ layer. usually the skin

Question 33

what is the endoderm?

Answer 33

the inner embryonic germ layer

Question 34

What is the mesoderm?

Answer 34

The middle embryonic germ layer.

Question 35

In which does the mouth open first | Protostomes or Deuterostomes

Answer 35

protostomes

Question 36

What are gnathostomes?

Answer 36

Jawed vertebrates

Question 37

What are the two embryonic features that may account for many differences between vertebrates an other chordates?

Answer 37

Hox gene complex and the neural crest

Question 38

What is the role of hox genes?

Answer 38

genes that regulate the control of development

Question 39

What is the neural crest?

Answer 39

it is considered to be the 4th germ layer and is responsible for many structures in the head region (i.e.,

Question 40

What are osteichthyans?

Answer 40

Bony vertebrates

Question 41

What is the largest organ of the body and what is its function

Answer 41

skin;

Question 42

Skeleton elements of the skeletomuscular system

Answer 42

cartilage, bone, enamel, dentine, cementum

Question 43

What is the axial skeleton?

Answer 43

Skull and vertebral column

Question 44

what is the visceral skeleton?

Answer 44

gill arches + cranial elements derived from neural crest

Question 45

what s the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 45

fins (or limbs) + pectoral and pelvic girdles

Question 46

which system is responsible for muscles involved in locomotion, feeding and eye movements?

Answer 46

skeletomuscular system

Question 47

The integrative system is made up for these two systems

Answer 47

nervous and endocrine system

Question 48

What are the three main parts to the brain?

Answer 48

fore-,mid-,hindbrain

Question 49

What are some of the special senses of the integrative system?

Answer 49

taste, touch, smell, vision, hearing

Question 50

What is the use of lateral lines in fishes?

Answer 50

to direct movement and vibrations

Question 51

what is the function of the endocrine glands?

Answer 51

to release regulatory hormones that act on target organs

Question 52

what is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 52

to release nutrients of consumed foods

Question 53

what is the typical path of the digestive system?

Answer 53

mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anus

Question 54

The salivary, liver, gallbladder and pancreas are considered?

Answer 54

accessory glands

Question 55

What happens in the gills and/or lungs and/or skin in the respiratory system?

Answer 55

site of gas exchanges with blood

Question 56

what is the portal system of the circulatory system?

Answer 56

vein -> capillary bed -> vein

Question 57

What is the function os the excretory system?

Answer 57

to remove nitrogenous wastes and regulate water and salt balance (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg,K, bicarbinate & phosphate)

Question 58

Are mammals the only vertebrate with testes held on the outside of the body cavity?

Answer 58

yes

Question 59

"start as one sex and then change to the other" this is known as? remember the clownfish

Answer 59

sequential hermaphroditism

Question 60

What is the major feature in vertebrate evolution?>

Answer 60

amniotic egg

Question 60

What is the major feature in vertebrate evolution?>

Answer 60

amniotic egg

Question 61

why are hagfish in the group craniata but no longer vertebrate?

Answer 61

because they lack true vertebral column

Question 61

why are hagfish in the group craniata but no longer vertebrate?

Answer 61

because they lack true vertebral column

Question 62

What is the function of the Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC)?

Answer 62

to ensure that research animals are treated humanely when they are vertebrates and inspects facilities to ensure that research animals have proper care

Question 62

What is the function of the Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC)?

Answer 62

to ensure that research animals are treated humanely when they are vertebrates and inspects facilities to ensure that research animals have proper care

Question 63

In what period did vertebrates originate?

Answer 63

Early Paleozoic (early cambrian)

Question 63

In what period did vertebrates originate?

Answer 63

Early Paleozoic (early cambrian)

Question 64

Hagfish

Answer 64

(scavengers) use olfaction to locate prey, skin lacks scales, gill slits, notochord and caudal fin ray are only skeletal elements, 3-chambered heart, 3 accessory hearts, and hemoglobin in red blood cells

Question 64

Hagfish

Answer 64

(scavengers) use olfaction to locate prey, skin lacks scales, gill slits, notochord and caudal fin ray are only skeletal elements, 3-chambered heart, 3 accessory hearts, and hemoglobin in red blood cells

Question 65

Lampreys

Answer 65

40 species in 10 genera, have vertebral elements known as acrualia, males and females nest near rocks, females lay 1000s of eggs; post mating seat. originally thought to be distinct species

Question 65

Lampreys

Answer 65

40 species in 10 genera, have vertebral elements known as acrualia, males and females nest near rocks, females lay 1000s of eggs; post mating seat. originally thought to be distinct species

Question 66

Ostracoderms

Answer 66

More derived than living jawless vertebrates, have dermal bone and olfactory tract connected to olfactory bulb in forebrain. some movable mouth plates

Question 66

Ostracoderms

Answer 66

More derived than living jawless vertebrates, have dermal bone and olfactory tract connected to olfactory bulb in forebrain. some movable mouth plates