Exam 2

Question 0

Name types of Amniotes

Answer 0

Synapsids (inc. mammals), Turtles, and Diapsids

Question 1

What are some types of diapsids

Answer 1

Crocodiles, Dinosaurs, Birds, Lizards, Snakes

Question 2

During the Devonian Period, how did the Tiktaalik evolve between 380-360 MYA?

Answer 2

1) Fins -> fin with wrist -> limb
2) transitioned from water to land
- Lobe-finned fish = fins, scales, primitive jaws
- Land-living animal = neck, wrists, flat head, expanded ribs

Question 3

A long predatory fish with a bony operculum and has paired lobed fins. (two dorsal fins, caudal fin, anal fin, ribs are short and it is extended dorsally)

Answer 3

Eusthenopteron (osteolepiform fish)

Question 4

Transition (by species) from fishes to tetrapods

Answer 4

Eusthenopteron, Panderichthys, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, Ichthyostega

Mnemonic -
“Eat Pussy Then Annihilate It”

Question 6

A transition tetrapod from fish to animal that has paired fins but lacks dorsal and anal fins, has a bony operculum, a flattened head & body.
Choanae: internal nares (internal nostrils)
ribs larger and projected laterally/ventrally

Answer 6

Panderichthyes (elpistostegalian fish)

Question 7

Are tetrapods categorized under Sarcopterygians?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

Early non-amniotic tetrapods, modern amphibians and amniotes are classified under what lineage…

Answer 8

tetrapods

Question 9

When was the origin of major tetrapod lineages?

Answer 9

Devonian through carboniferous in the Paleozoic era

Question 10

During the Devonian period we saw the Tiktaalik move from…

Answer 10

water to land (380-360MYA)

Question 11

Paired Fins with fin rays
flattened head & body
neck that allows head rotation
ribs expanded out & down (ventrally)
loss of bony operculum (still had gills)

Answer 11

Tiktaalik (Elpistostegalian fish)

Question 12

The Ichthyostega was amphibious which meant that it was both…

Answer 12

terrestrial and aquatic

Question 13

Changes in cranial sutures suggest that during the switch from fishes to tetrapods, these creatures switch from this type of aquatic feeding to this type of terrestrial feeding…

Answer 13

suction feeding to biting

Question 14

During the transition from fishes to tetrapods, they experienced a ______ of fin rays to an evolution of ______.

Answer 14

loss; digits

Question 15

True or False

Tetrapods were “trying to adapt” to life on land

Answer 15

False

Question 16

Name some additional features of Tetrapods

Answer 16

Muscular tongue w/ glands
Parathyroid gland (controls calcium)
Harderian gland (lubericates eyes)
Loss of gills
MOST IMPORTANLY
**stratum corneum**
-- layer of epidermis (dead skin cells to form barrier)

Question 17

There are around 6400 species of amphibians that include…

Answer 17

Caecilians
Salamanders
Frogs (~85% of living species)

Question 18

Temnospondyli part of Batrachmorpha shares what features with Amphibia?

Answer 18

4 digits in forelimb

Bicuspid and pedicellate teeth

Question 19

True or False;

Reptilomorpha are all more-derived tetrapods

Answer 19

true

Question 20

Features of these species

1) Gymnophiona (caecilians)
2) Caudata (Urodela) {salamanders & newts}
3) Anura (Frogs & Toads)

Answer 20

1) legless
2) enlongated body
3) tail-less adults

Question 21

Features of modern amphibians

Answer 21

• ** moist, permeable skin (allows of cutaneous respiration)
• ** skin with mucous and granular glands (posion glands; produce toxins)
• Columella & operculum (bones that transmit sound)
• two sensory patches in ear (Papilla AMPhibiorum & BASilians
• buccopharyngeal pump moves air in and out of lungs
• 2 occiptal condyles & 2 cotyles on atlas
• bicuspid pedicellate teeth

Question 22

Which amphibia fossil has reduced legs (extant species lacked legs), had reduced or lacked eyes b/c it was a burrowing or aquatic species, and had small tentacles between eyes and nostrils?
Caecilian, Salamander, frog

Answer 22

Caecilian

Question 23

What is the function of the columella and operculum?

Answer 23

they are bones that transmit sound

Question 24

what is the protrusible tentacle made out of in a Caecilian?

Answer 24

Muscles, glands and ducts

Question 25

the tentacle of the gymnophiona is sensory organ that supplements what?

Answer 25

olfaction (smell)

Question 26

How is fertilization conducted with caecilians?

Answer 26

interal fertilization | -- insertion of phallodeum into female cloaca

Question 27

How is the phallodeum formed?

Answer 27

by cloacal wall and it can have calcified spines

Question 28

Oviparous (lay eggs) caecilians have what type of larvae?

Answer 28

aquatic

Question 29

Viviparous (live birth) fetus caecilians use their hook-like teeth to do what to the mother?

Answer 29

They feed off their mothers epithelium by laying along oviducts. this term of energy off mother is known as matrotrophy

Question 30

What is a Salamander spermatophores?

Answer 30

A packet of sperm on a gelatinous base

Question 31

In what ways can spermatophores be delivered to the eggs?

Answer 31

1) female can lay egg sac on top (external fertilization) 2) males may deposit, then insert into female cloaca with feet 3) females 'sit' to insert into cloaca

Question 32

Anuran Body Plan | describe 1) urostyle 2)ilium

Answer 32

1) fused posterior vertebrae 2) part of the pelvis that has been enlongated - - both contribute to a rigid trunk

Question 33

Frogs have no teeth on lower jaw so instead of chewing up prey they...

Answer 33

swallow it whole

Question 34

Body forms of anurans vary by habitat and behavior.. tell me the type of habitat you would expect based on body form 1) shorter limbs 2) webbed feet 3) long limbs and specialized toes 4) pointed heads

Answer 34

1) terrestrial 2) swimmers 3) arboreal species (tree frogs) 4) burrowers

Question 35

If females anurans select males based on advertisement calls, then this is an example of...

Answer 35

sexual selection

Question 36

Fertilization in anurans is mostly external but what is the name of the mating position in which the male grasps the female?

Answer 36

ampLEXUS

Question 37

how does amplexus work?

Answer 37

the males have an extension of the cloaca that is used to introduce the sperm into the cloaca of the female

Question 38

What types of reproductive variation do anurans have?

Answer 38

``` fully aquatic species leaf-breeding foam-nest breeding terrestrial eggs & tadpoles direct development viviparity ```

Question 39

what type of feeding strategies do tadpoles use?

Answer 39

filter-feeding herbivores (majority) or carnivorous (feed on frog eggs)

Question 40

What controls the metamorphosis from tadpoles to adult frogs?

Answer 40

thyroid hormones