Exam 1

Question 1

5 characteristics of something living

Answer 1

1. composed of cellular organisms
2. way to replicate/reproduce
3. genetic information (and way to process it)
4. Take in and use energy
5. undergoes evolution

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

uncertain explanation for observation (Allows for falsification)

Question 3

Theory

Answer 3

also false able like a hypothesis (still supported by lots of evidence)
Takes the results of many hypothesis and combines them together to create one overarching explanation for a phenomenon

Question 4

prediction

Answer 4

Prediction is similar to hypothesis
Differs because it makes a more specific guess on the outcome of the experiment

Question 5

Laws

Answer 5

does not explain why
Just provides a cause and effect relationship

Question 6

control group

Answer 6

Group where independent variable is left unchanged, this allows something to compare the experimental group to

Question 7

placebo

Answer 7

treatment or pill that doesn’t actually do anything. This is to measure the placebo effect against the real thing.

Question 8

double blind study

Answer 8

experiment in which both the researcher and the participants do not know who received the placebo.
This eliminates experimenter and placebo bias

Question 9

Ranking of bond strength (in context of biology)

Answer 9

1. Covalent bonds
2. ionic
3. Hydrogen bonds
   *note that usually ionic is stronger than covalent but in the context of water, covalent is stronger

Question 10

Hydrophilic

Answer 10

Tendency to dissolve in water
Ions and polar molecules are hydrophilic

Question 11

surface tension

Answer 11

cohesion allows water to resist forces that increase surface area (makes water stay together and generally keep shapes that minimize surface area)

Question 12

Cohesion

Answer 12

tendency of water molecules to stick to one another

Question 13

Adhesion

Answer 13

Tendency of water molecules to stick to certain surfaces

Question 14

High specific heat of water

Answer 14

Waters tendency to maintain its temperature even when heat is added

*Due to strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Question 15

Hydrophobic

Answer 15

Does not easily dissolve in water
mainly non polar molecules like lipids

Question 16

carbon skeleton

Answer 16

Carbon is often known as the backbone of lots of organic molecules

Question 17

Hydroxyl group

Answer 17

-OH group

Makes molecules more polar so they more easily dissolve in water, found in alcohols

Question 18

Phosphate group

Answer 18

-PO4

More than one phosphate linked together allows for storage of lots of chemical energy

Question 19

sulfhydryl group

Answer 19

-SH

When present in proteins it can make s-s bonds which contributes to overall structure

Question 20

Amino group

Answer 20

-NH2
Acts as a base, large component of amino acids

Question 21

Carboxyl group

Answer 21

C double bonded to one O and single bonded to another O

Commonly found in acids (amino acids)

Question 22

carbonyl group

Answer 22

C double bonded to an O (and possibly single bonded to an H

Found in proteins, peptides and carbohydrates

Question 23

Bond energy

Answer 23

Non polar bonds usually store more energy than polar bonds

Question 24

Monosaccharide

Answer 24

Simple sugar building block
1 ring
-glucose (used for cellular respiration)
-fructose
-galactose

Can differ in placement of carbonyl group and orientation of hydroxyl group

Question 25

Disaccharide

Answer 25

Two monosaccharides bound together 2 rings *these molecules bond covalently, the structure of these glycosidic linkages can determine the function of the carbohydrate

Question 26

Polysaccharide

Answer 26

Many monomers linked together

Question 27

Alpha vs beta polysaccharides

Answer 27

Alpha- glycosidic bonds place the hydroxyl group on the first carbon below the plane Beta- the glycosidic bonds place hydroxyl group above the plane

Question 28

Cellulose

Answer 28

polysaccharide that provides the structure for plant cell walls

Question 29

Carbohydrate functions

Answer 29

-Energy storage (glucose) -Cell structure (cellulose in cell walls) - identity markers (blood type)

Question 30

Proteins and amino acids

Answer 30

The proteins is the polymer while the amino acids are the monomers

Question 31

Amino acid structure

Answer 31

4 groups (H, R group or side chain, carboxyl group and amino group) covalently bonded to a C atom

Question 32

R group functions

Question 33

Primary structure

Answer 33

refers to the sequence of amino acids covalently bonded *the covalent bond that links the amino acids are known as peptide bonds

Question 34

secondary structure

Answer 34

refers to the folding of the protein created by hydrogen bonding from the non R groups

Question 35

Tertiary structure

Answer 35

Overall three dimensional structure that's created from R group interactions (interactions within the same chain)

Question 36

Quaternary structure

Answer 36

Refers to how multiple subunits of polypeptide chains interact to form a protein complex (interactions with different chains)

Question 37

Nucleic acids and nucleotides

Answer 37

nucleotides are the monomers that make up the polymer nucleic acid

Question 38

Nucleotide parts

Answer 38

Phosphate group 5-Carbon sugar Nitrogenous base *note for 5-carbon sugar, DNA has one less oxygen bonded than RNA (hence deoxy)

Question 39

Phosphodiester linkages

Answer 39

Type of bonds that nucleotides use forms the sugar phosphate backbone

Question 40

Saturated vs unsaturated fats

Answer 40

Unsaturated fats have at least one Carbon double bond leading to kinks in the structure *this is why unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temp *also note that these kinks make membranes more permeable

Question 41

Phospholipid bilayers and permeability

Answer 41

selectively permeable, outer "heads" are charged (polar) and inner "tails" are not charged (non polar)

Question 42

Triglycerides

Answer 42

used for energy storage fatty acids connected to strings of C-C bonds very nonpolar

Question 43

Phospholipids

Question 44

steroids