Exam 3

Question 1

Characteristics of fermentation

Answer 1

Occurs when oxygen is low or not present

Extremely inefficient

Question 2

Fermentations input and output

Answer 2

uses glycolysis to create 2 NADH and 2 ATP and changes NADH to NAD+ by giving electrons to different acceptor

Question 3

Catabolic pathways

Answer 3

Set of metabolic pathways (chain of reactions) that break down molecules Ex. triglycerides can be broken down for Cellular respiration

Question 4

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Answer 4

Created when oxygen picks up extra e- from other points then the last electron donor (highly reactive and damaging to body)

Question 5

Where does photosynthesis take place

Answer 5

The chloroplast

Question 6

The two different spaces involved in photosynthesis within the chloroplast

Answer 6

Stroma( Calvin cycle)
Thylakoid membrane (light dependent)

Question 7

Chlorophylls

Answer 7

Photosynthetic pigments that mainly absorb purple/blue and red light, reflect green

Question 8

Where are the photosynthetic pigments located

Answer 8

Inside of the thylakoid

Question 9

Carotenoids

Answer 9

absorb blue/green light, usually reflect yellow orange or red
* most important: act as antioxidants to neutralize free radicals (atoms that lost an electron from high energy light)

Question 10

Light dependent reactions or light capturing

Answer 10

This is the stage that involves pigments in the chloroplast
uses: light energy and water as well as ADP + p, as well as NADP+ + H+ produce

Produces: O2(byproduct), ATP, NADPH

Question 11

Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)

Answer 11

Uses: the chemical energy made in light capturing reactions (ATP, NADPH) and CO2
Produces: Glucose (uses carbons from CO2),

Question 12

Photosystem II (light dependent reactions)

Answer 12

exist along the membrane of the thylakoid, is two chloroplast molecules that exist to absorb light energy to split water into oxygen, H+ ions and electrons

Question 13

Photosystem I (light dependent reactions)

Answer 13

exist along the membrane of the thylakoid, used second and is responsible for absorbing light and using the electrons produced from photosystem II in order to turn 2NADP+ into 2NADPH

Question 14

ATP synthase in photosynthesis

Answer 14

uses the H+ ion gradient produced by photosystem II in order to produce ATP from ADP+

Question 15

Cytochrome complex

Answer 15

exist along the membrane of thylakoid, essentially serves as a link for electrons between photosystem II and photosystem I

Question 16

Photorespiration

Answer 16

Flaw involving Rubisco, both CO2 and O2 can bind to the active sites, when O2 binds it inhibits sugar production

Question 17

Rubisco

Answer 17

Enzyme responsible for catalyzing the addition of CO2 to the five carbon sugar(RuBP)

Question 18

Why do CAM plants stockpile CO2 at night

Answer 18

Diffusion of oxygen into the plant would be too high due to the hot environment, this would increase the rate of photorespiration

Question 19

How do C4 plants get around photorespiration

Answer 19

They stockpile their carbon around rubisco which prevents O2 from binding to it

Question 20

C3 plants

Answer 20

found in normal temperature environments, don’t do anything special with CO2 as they don’t need to worry as much about O2 diffusion

Question 21

Genome

Answer 21

All of the genetic material contained within a cell (all non reproductive cells have the same genome)

Question 22

Chromosomes

Answer 22

1 continuous strand of DNA (created when DNA coils in on histones)
*23 pairs in humans

Question 23

Gene

Answer 23

segment of DNA that codes for a certain polypeptide molecule (protien or nucleotide)

Question 24

Allele

Answer 24

different versions of a gene that code for different versions of a trait

Question 25

PCR(Polymerase chain reaction)

Answer 25

allows stretches of DNA to be copied billons of times so they can be used Works by raising the temperature to separate the DNA, primers attach at a certain point of the DNA, DNA polymerase then adds complementary DNA from the point of the primer and on, this is repeated many times

Question 26

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 26

separates segments of DNA based on their size, DNA has a negative charge so its pulled to the positive charge Smaller molecules of DNA will move faster

Question 27

Restriction enzymes

Answer 27

Used to cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequence

Question 28

Interphase

Answer 28

Happens before mitosis can begin, during this time the cell is growing and duplicating its DNA

Question 29

Prophase

Answer 29

The DNA in the nucleus condenses into chromosomes, the spindle apparatus starts to form

Question 30

Prometaphase

Answer 30

Dissolving of nuclear membrane, Microtubules attach to the kinetochores

Question 31

Metaphase

Answer 31

Microtubules line the chromosomes up in the middle of the cell

Question 32

Anaphase

Answer 32

Microtubules pull the chromosomes apart separating them into chromatids

Question 33

Telophase

Answer 33

Two nucleuses form, chromosomes decondense, structural elements deconstruct and cell starts to split

Question 34

Cytokinesis

Answer 34

Not technically apart of mitosis, involves the splitting of the cytoplasm to form the two new cells

Question 35

Mitotic checkpoints

Answer 35

Checkpoints exist during Mitosis that make processes are running as they should M phase checkpoints: Chromosomes have attached to spindle apparatus, chromosomes have properly segregated G1 checkpoint Cell size is adequate, nutrients are sufficient, DNA is undamaged G2 checkpoint DNA is undamaged Chromosomes have replicated

Question 36

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 36

Genes responsible for promoting cell growth, problem if stuck on

Question 37

Oncogenes

Answer 37

Mutated versions of proto-oncogenes, these can contribute to someone developing cancer

Question 38

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 38

inhibit cell growth/differentiation, if permanently turned off becomes problem

Question 39

Mutator genes

Answer 39

involved in the repair of DNA if mutations occur, Loss of function leaves you more prone to mutations

Question 40

Aneuploidy

Answer 40

Organism has irregular number of chromosomes for their species Monosomy One less than typical amount Trisomy, one more than typical amount of chromosomes

Question 41

Meiosis vs mitosis

Answer 41

Same general stages main difference in number of chromosomes No duplication of DNA in miosis, this leads to cells being haploids by the time that meiosis is over

Question 42

Genetic variability and meiosis

Answer 42

Each of the offspring get some combination of the chromosomes you got from each of your parents Random fertilization leads to more possible outcomes Crossing over of homologous chromosomes leads to more genetic variability

Question 43

Gene drive

Answer 43

An edit in an organisms gene that changes the chance of inheritance for a specific allele, this can be used to introduce changes in a large population

Question 44

Difference between meiosis I and meiosis II

Answer 44

Meiosis I involves the splitting of TWO homologous chromosome pairs while meiosis II involves the splitting of chromatids

Question 45

gene locus

Answer 45

The specific spot where a gene is located on a chromosome

Question 46

autosomal chromosomes

Answer 46

All of the chromosomes that make up the genome except for the one pair of sex chromosomes

Question 47

CRISPR characteristics

Answer 47

utilizes CAS proteins to cleave DNA then makes edits to the DNA, can add or cut out DNA. Differs from other genetic tools in that its simpler, more precise and more cost efficient

Question 48

Difference between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes

Answer 48

sister chromatids are identical copies of the same chromosome while homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that carry different versions of the same genes

Question 49

Cleavage furrow and cell plate

Answer 49

The cleavage furrow is the indentation in the animal cell that eventually leads to them being split apart (cytokinesis) The cell plate is used in plant cells for cytokinesis, utilization of microtubules that join at either end of the cell wall eventually becoming the cell wall an separating the two cells