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MIcro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 4 major processes of living cells.

A
  1. Growth- increase in size and complexity
  2. Reproduction- production of new cells or of a new individual. sexual/asexual
  3. Responsiveness- ability to detect changes (stimuli) in external or internal environment and respond to them.
  4. Metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur within a cell- all living things transform matter and energy to live
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2
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells the same?

A
  • Both are surronded by a plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer) that defines their boundaries.
  • Both encode genetic information in DNA molecules.
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3
Q

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?

A 
Eu has nucleus and Pro does not
Eu has nucleolus and Pro does not
Eu has cytoskelton and Pro does not
Eu divides by mitosis or meosis and Pro divides by binary fission
Eu has histones and Pro does not
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4
Q

Describe the function of the glycocalyx.

A

– Enables certain bacteria to resist phagocytic
engulfment by white blood cells
– Enables some bacteria to adhere to
environmental surfaces to colonize and resist
flushing (rocks, human teeth)
– Protects against dehydration (dessication)

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5
Q

Describe the clinical significance of the glycocalyx.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
– Pathogenic with capsule
– Nonpathogenic without capsule

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6
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long filamentous
appendages that
function in propelling
the bacterium

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7
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of the flagella?

A

-Filament – rigid, extends from cell surface (flagellin protein)
– Hook – flexible coupling between filament and basal body
– Basal body – a rod and series of rings that anchor the flagellum and the cytoplasmic membrane molecular motor that enables flagellum rotation

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8
Q

Flagella arrangements:

A

Monotrichous-single flagellum, at one pole
Amphitrichous- single flagellum, at both poles
Lophotrichous- two or more flagellum at one or both poles
Peritrichous- flagella over entire surface

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9
Q

Flagellar Function

A

• Locomotion (for most of bacteria capable of

motility)

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10
Q

Clinical Significance of Flagella

A

H pylori (the causative agent for some forms of gastric ulcers in humans.

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11
Q

Describe positive chemotaxis, negative chemotaxis, positive phototaxis and negative phototaxis in relationship to a microbe’s motility.

A

Positive chemotaxis- move toward chemical ex pheromoes
Negative chemotaxis- move away from chemical ex fart on elevator
Positive phototaxis- move toaward light ex. photosynthesis or food
Negative phototaxis- move away from light ex. so it doesnt harm it or somethng moving toward light doesnt harm or kill organism

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12
Q

Fimbriae (Attachment Pili)

A

attachment pili, hair-like projections found in many gram-neg bacteria, used for attachment not movement, found at poles to hlep bacteria adhere to surfaces.

  • Contribute to pathogenicity
  • Clinically significant in N gonorrhoeae and E coli
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13
Q

Pili

A

Conjugation (sex) pili
– Found only in certain groups of bacteria
– Attaches two cells to provide a pathway to
transfer genetic material (conjugation)
– Important mechanism of transferring antibiotic
resistance.
The extra gene is used for antibiotic resistance. Can make hospital antibiotic resistance

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14
Q

Axial Filament

A
  • cork screw motion, screw into skin
  • extend from both ends of bacterium between outer membrane and cell wall.
  • Clinically significant: can bore through tissue as in Treponema pallidum (causative agent of syphilis) and B burgdorferi (lyme disease)
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15
Q

Describe the chemical composition of peptidoglycan

A
  • 10-65 NAG/NAM molecules joined in chain (glycan)
  • Parallel chains held together by peptide cross bridges
  • sugars in the body are in D form/ amino acids are in L form
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16
Q

Gram –Positive Cell Walls

A
  • Very thick peptidoglycan
  • Lipoteichoic acid (link to plasma membrane)
  • Teichoic acid (linked to peptidoglycan)
  • Stains purple
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17
Q

Gram- Negative Cell Walls

A
  • Very few layers of peptidoglycan
  • Outer membrane – LPS, lipoproteins, phopholipids
  • Fluid-filled space between outer and plasma membrane
  • Contains digestive enzymes and transport proteins
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18
Q

Lipid A

A

Endotoxin

toxicity or poisining to patient seen as flu symptoms/ DIC

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19
Q

Describe the differences of the cell walls of bacterial, archaeal, mycoplasma and L-forms.

A

Bacteria: semi rigid, lies outside of cell membrane, often porous, does not regulate the entry of materials into or out of the cell, composed of peptidoglycan
Archaea: lack cell walls or unique cell walls (no peptidoglycan)
Mycoplasma: do not have cell walls- unique plasma membranes (sterols)
L-forms: can live with or without their cell walls- they have cell walls and then lose their ability to make them

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20
Q

Clinical significance of L-forms

A
  • they turn gene genesis off making it difficult to treat.
  • may play a role in recurent chronic disease
  • often results from treatment or antibiotics specific for cell destruction
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21
Q

Describe the function and clinical significance of biofilms.

A

Function: impede or inibit antimicrobial drugs and allow bacteria to retain nutreints
CS: make treatment much more difficult and prolonged

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22
Q

Explain the fluid mosaic model of cytoplasmic membrane structure.

A

Selectively permable conduit, both hydrophillic and hydophobic, highly dynamic and organized, loaction of variety of critical metabolic processes

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23
Q

Describe the prokaryotic cytoplasm and its basic content

A
  • 80% water
  • Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
  • Inorganic ions
  • Inclusions
  • Ribosomes
  • Nuclear area
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24
Q

Describe the basic structure, function and clinical significance of prokaryotic ribosomes.

A
  • translation and proteins synthesis*
  • protein and rRNA
  • Streptomycin inhibits protein synthesis by attaching to 30S subunit
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25
Q

Identify the functions and clinical significanceof the nucleoid in the prokaryotic cell.

A

Chromosome genes for structure and function

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26
Q

Describe the function and clinical significance plasmids

A
  • Spead antibiotic resistant genes

- Organisms resistant to more than one antibiotic

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27
Q

Describe the function and clinical significance of endospores

A

Spread disease-very hard to get rid of

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28
Q

The bacterial cell wall is important because it

A

Protects the cell from the environment

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29
Q

The primary substance making up the bacterial cell wall is

A

Peptidoglycan

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30
Q

Peptidoglycan is made up of

A

repeating NAG NAM molecules

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31
Q

Gram-positive cell walls differ from Gram-negative cells in that the Gram positive ones contain

A

Teichoic acids

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32
Q

Wall teichoic acids

A

go only halfway through the cell wall

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33
Q

Lipoteichoic acids

A

go completely through the cell wall

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34
Q

Teichoic acids

A

are involved in respiratory infections

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35
Q

Gram-negative organisms differ from Gram-positive organisms in that Gram-negative

A

have an outer membrane

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36
Q

Gram-negative organisms contain

A

translocation proteins

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37
Q

Mycoplasma is an organism that

A

has no cell wall

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38
Q

Mycolic acid

A

is found only in certain Gram-positive bacteria

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39
Q

Lipid A is

A

part of the endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria

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40
Q

O polysaccharides are

A

used to identify certain bacteria

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41
Q

All of the following are associated with the exterior of the bacterial except:

Fimbriae
 Phospholipid bilayers
 pili
 flagella
 axial filaments
A

Phospholipid bilayers

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42
Q

Slime layers and capsules are part of

A

the glycocalyx

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43
Q

The presence of a capsule

A

causes bacteria to become more infective

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44
Q

Fimbriae are involved with

A

staying in the host

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45
Q

Pili are responsible for what?

A

immune response
movement of bacteria
transfer of genetic info

46
Q

Axial filaments are

A

same as flagella

47
Q

flagella located around an entire bacterial cell are called

A

Peritrichous flagella

48
Q

The plasma membrane is composed of

A

a phospholipid bilayer

49
Q

Integral proteins

A

go all the way through the membranes

50
Q

Plasmids are

A
  • circular DNA particles within a micro organism that is not part of the main DNA of the cell.
  • it carries many information that allows adaptation of the cell to particular enviroments.
  • plasmids are also used as vectors to introduce certain traits into cells that do not naturally have that triat.
51
Q

Bacterial ribosomes

A

are involved in protein synthesis

52
Q

Bacterial ribosomes are clinically important because they

A

are resistant to antibiotics

53
Q

Bacterial endospores are

A

resistant to heat

54
Q

Define atrichous

A

bacteria without flagella (cocci rarely have flagella)

55
Q

Microbiology

A

is the scientific study of microorganisms

56
Q

Exaplain what a microorganism is

A

microbes are living organisms that are usually to small to be seen with the naked eye

57
Q

6 main classes of microorganisms

A 
Viruses
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
58
Q

Helminths

A

not microorganism
Parasitic worms of mecical importance. Use microbiology techniques to identify-usually looking for eggs in feces. They feed off of host, when somebody is about to die the worms will come out of the body anyway possible

59
Q

Arthropod Vectors

A

not microorganism

Animals that carry disease from one host to another. Ex. Mosquitoes, ticks, lice, fleas, mite, ect

60
Q

Properties of Viruses

A

Very small, acellualr, DNA or RNA gentic core, does not have cell wall

61
Q

How Viruses differ from all other microbes

A

Acellular, virus is fragment for DNA and RNA an dit needs a cell to reproduce

62
Q

Which domain is “obligate intracellaur parasite”

A

Virus–which means it must live within the cell, cannont multiply outside a living cell, cannot replicate inside a specific host

63
Q

Properties of bacteria

A

Prokaryotic, complex cell wall made of peptidoglycan, diverse lifestyles, unicellular
-spirical, rod, or spiral shaped

64
Q

Eubacteria

A

types of bacteria that make up dangerous disease “true bacteria”
belongs to bacteria domain

65
Q

Archaebacteria

A

composed of single-celled organisms lacking organelles or a nucleus (prokaryotic).

  • cell wall without peptidoglycan
  • live in extreme environments
  • belongs to archaea domain
66
Q

importance of peptidoglycan

A

makes up the cell wall of bacteria

determines if bacteria is Gram-negative or Gram-positive

67
Q

Properties of Algae

A

Eukaryotic
Cell wall-Cellulose
Unicellular or multicellular
Photosynthetic- fresh or salt water

68
Q

Properties of Protozoa

A 
Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Free or parasitic lifestyle
Many shapes and movement
Unicellular
69
Q

Properties of Fungi

A 
Eukaryote
Cell wall- Chitin
Absorbs organic material for nutrition
unicellular-yeast
multicellular- molds
70
Q

Reasons why microorganisms are studied

A
  • Large numbers found everywhere
  • On and in our bodies- normal microbiota
  • Human host 1500 different microbes
  • Pathogenic- cause disease
  • Air, soil, water in and on plants and animals
  • Perform fuctions essential for life on earth
  • -decompose plant and animal waste
  • -nutrient cycling
  • -food for higher organisms
  • -photosynthesis
71
Q

Good things microbes are used for

A
  • Soil-nitrogen fixation
  • Medicine-antibiotics (penicillin and tetracycline) and vaccines
  • Industrial- nail polish remover, acetone, vinegar
  • Make 50% of oxygen in atmosphere
72
Q

Bad things microbes do

A
  • Diesease; flu cold, leasles, plague, food poisoning
  • Food spoilage
  • Destruction of buildings and statues
  • Bioterrorism
73
Q

Pathogen

A

any microbes that causes disease

74
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

opportunistic pathogen is a microbe that doesnt normally cause disease but can under the right circumstances

75
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes that exist in the bodies of all humans

76
Q

Bioremediation

A

to use biological organisms to solve an enviromental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater

77
Q

Bioterrorism

A

the use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or their toxins for threatening or harmful purpose. Bacillus anthracis- bacterium that causes anthrax. Smallpox- virus

78
Q

Acellular

A

not consisting of, divided into, or containing cells.

79
Q

Obliagate

A

restricted to a particular function or mode of life

80
Q

Probiotics

A

are living microbes (mostly bacteria) that are similiar to beneficial microbes found in the human gut. “Friendly or good bacteria” Available to consumers mainly in the form of dietary supplements and food

81
Q

genome

A

nucleoid (DNA)

chromosomes genes for structure and function

82
Q

plasmid

A

organism resistant to more than one antibiotic

83
Q

Conjugate pili

A

exchange of DNA

84
Q

Pili clinical significance

A

spreads antibiotic resistance

85
Q

Endotoxin

A

Gram-negative bacteria infection
get into circualr tissure
blood clotting

86
Q

controls what comes in and out of cell

A

cell membrane

87
Q

maintains cell shape

A

cell wall

88
Q

Glycocalyx

A

enables certain bacteria to resist phagocytosis by WBC

protects against dehydaration

89
Q

Bacteria under stressful times will shares genes or DNA randomly

A

Conjuction

90
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A
  • Phospolipid bilayer embedded with protiens
  • Barrier between the cytoplasm and outside environment
  • Selectivevly permeable conduit
  • Defines the boundry of the cell
  • Hyrophillic and Hydrophobic components
91
Q

Gram-negative cell wall

A

few layers of peptidoglycan
outer membrane made of LPS, lipoproteins, phospholipids
periplasmic space

92
Q

DIC

A

gram-neg inf randomly blood clot throughout stream

93
Q

Gram-positive cell wall

A

Very thick peptidoglycan

Teichoic acid

94
Q

porins

A

let stuff in and out of cell in the cell membrane

95
Q

What as no nucleus and peptidoglycan in the cell wall

A

Bacteria

96
Q

Eukaryotic and Chitin in cell wall

A

Fungi

97
Q

Eukaryotic and cellulose in cel wall

A

Algae

98
Q

Eukaryotic and no cell wall

A

Protozoans

99
Q

Acellular and no cell wall

A

Virus

100
Q

Prokaryotic and chemically simple cell wall with no peptidoglycan

A

Archaea

101
Q

Live in extreme environements

A

Archaea

102
Q

Absorbs orgain material for nutrition

A

Fungi

103
Q

Photosynthetic and lives in fresh or salt water

A

Algae

104
Q

3 Unicellular classes are

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Protozoans

105
Q

Can be with unicelluar or multicellular

A

Fungi and Algea

106
Q

Neither unicellular or multicellular

A

Virus

107
Q

Pili are absent in what type of cell

A

Eukaryotic

108
Q

Polysaccaride and Polypeptide subunits

A

Glycocalyx

109
Q

rigid, extends from cell surface

A

filament of flagella

110
Q

flexible coupling between filament and basal body

A

hook of flagella

111
Q

molecular motor that enables flagellum rotation

A

Basel Body

MIcro (7 decks)

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