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MIcro > Exam 2 WileyPlus > Flashcards

Exam 2 WileyPlus Flashcards

1
Q

glucose can be used for ???

A

movement, secretion, protein synthesis, active transport

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2
Q

fats, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids can all be

A

broken down into smaller molecules

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3
Q

anabolism is the production of larger molecules from

A

smaller ones

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4
Q

metabolism is

A

catabolism and anabolism

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5
Q

difference between autotroph and a heterotroph

A

autotroph use carbon dioxide to synthesize organic molecules while heterotrophs use organic molecules made by organisms

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6
Q

how do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms

A

lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

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7
Q

why would a fever of 40C be dangerous to a child

A

fever over 40C can cause enzymes to denature and not function properly

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8
Q

during glycolosis ___ is converted to ____

A

Glucose; pyruvic acid

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9
Q

products produced from the 2 types of fermentation pathways are

A

lactic acid and alcohol

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10
Q

before pyruvic acid can be processed by the Krebs cycle, it must be converted to:

A

Acetyl-CoA

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11
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place in eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

what type of organism uses sunlight as an energy source and organic compounds as carbon source

A

photoheterotroph

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13
Q

which metabolic pathway converts glucose to pyruvic acid

A

gylcolysis

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14
Q

which process is NADH oxidized to NAD+

A

fermentation

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15
Q

what are the end products of fermentation

A

carbon dioxide
ethyl alcohol
butanediol
lactic acid

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16
Q

what processis most associated with the stripping og high-energy electrons from substrates with production of carbon dioxide

A

krebs cycle

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17
Q

which process is most associated with a flow of electrons pumping hydrogen ions across a membrane

A

electron transport chain

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18
Q

where does electron transport chain take place in prokaryotic cell

A

plasma membrane

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19
Q

what is a bacteriums max net gain of ATP molecules from aerobic catabolism of glucose

A

38

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20
Q

termite populations may be able to be killed with

A

doses of antibiotics

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21
Q

cows and other grazing animals

A

cannot digest cellulose found in grass and rely on bacterial cellulose to provide their energy

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22
Q

in step 6 of glycolysis, electrons are donated to the coenzyme, NAD+ in this process NAD+ is

A

reduced

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23
Q

what product of the krebs cycle is used to generate the most ATP

A

NADH

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24
Q

in the electron transport chain, in aerobic organisms what is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

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25
Q

process by which molecules are pumped through the ATP synthase along the concentration gradient in order to convert ATP from ADP and protons

A

chemiosmosis

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26
Q

bacteria multiply by

A

binary fission

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27
Q

binary fission begins with one parent cell resulting in

A

2 daughter cells

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28
Q

bacteria growth phases in order

A

lag, log, stationary, death

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29
Q

microbial growth refers to

A

increase in cell number

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30
Q

log phase of bacteria growth

A

number of bacteria increases signficantly in number and they are metabolically active

31
Q

generation time refers to the time it takes for a population of bacteris to

A

double

32
Q

which type of bacteria grows optimally between 25C and 40C

A

mesophiles

33
Q

require relatively large amounts of oxygen at all times

A

obliagte aerobes

34
Q

microaerophile refers to organisms that perfer

A

low amount of oxygen

35
Q

halophile refers to an organism that prefer

A

large amounts of salt

36
Q

example of quorum sensing

A

production of biofilms

37
Q

in binary fissin which event occurs first

A

replication of nucleoid

38
Q

which stage of growth does new growth occur at the same rate as cells die off

A

stationary phase

39
Q

able to tolerate salty condions

A

halophile

40
Q

E. coli can perform cellular resp in presence of oxygen and anerobic if oxygen isnt which is classified as

A

facultative anaerobes

41
Q

bacterial population grows most raplidy during which phase

A

log phase

42
Q

stationary phase of bacterial growth

A

number of newly generated cells is the same as the number of dying cells

43
Q

what bacteria would be expected to grow the best at a pH of 3

A

acidophiles

44
Q

what bacteria would grow best at a temp of 15C

A

obligate psychrophile

45
Q

most human pathogens are

A

mesophiles

46
Q

what bacteria would most likely be found in deep layed of mud where there is a complete lack of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

47
Q

which type of cell would generally shift to aerobic resp if oxygen is available but would otherwise carry out fermentation

A

facultative anaerobes

48
Q

capnophiles grow best under conditions of

A

high carbon dioxide

49
Q

where would you expect to find a barophile

A

at the bottom of the ocean

50
Q

zinc is considered a

A

trace element

51
Q

sporulation occurs in

A

clostridium

52
Q

monomer subunit of DNA is

A

nucleotide

53
Q

difference between bacterial chromosome and plasmid

A

chromosome contains genes that are essential for survival, where plasmid contains genes that are helpful bacterium but not essential for survival

54
Q

process in which DNA makes RNA as the first step in protein synthesis

A

transcription

55
Q

in translation, what molecule serves as the template for the synthesis of the new polymer

A

mRNA

56
Q

this enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds formed between the complementary strands of DNA during replication

A

helicase

57
Q

DNA polymerase synthesizes a ne strand of DNA in which biological directions

A

5’-3’

58
Q

fragments produced by discontinuous DNA synthesis are referred to as

A

Okaazaki fragments

59
Q

portion of DNA sequence that is recognized as the start of a gene is referred to as

A

promoter sequence

60
Q

codon portion of the mRNA is complementary to the ____ portion of the tRNA molecules

A

anticodon

61
Q

start codon for translation is typically ? and codes for the amino acid ?

A

AUG

methionine

62
Q

fundamental units of heredity are known as genes and multiple versions of them are known as

A

alleles

63
Q

best describes a typical prokaryote chromosome

A

Circular; composed of DNA

64
Q

permanent alteration of DNA

A

mutation

65
Q

what process is DNA used as a template to make RNA

A

transcription

66
Q

which process are amino acids linked together to form proteins

A

translation

67
Q

in translation, what molecule along with proteins, serves as the enzyme for the synthesis of a new polymere

A

rRNA

68
Q

when DNA strand are unwound and stabilized, which molecules move behind the replication fork synthesizing new DNA complimentary to the original parent strands

A

DNA polymerase

69
Q

what does semi-conservative mean

A

DNA replicates where one parent strand is always present in the newly formed DNA molecule

70
Q

what must be attached to parent DNA to begin the formation of each Okazaki fragments

A

RNA primer

71
Q

what enzyme synthesizes the new polymer in the process of transcription

A

RNA polymerase

72
Q

mutant form that produces malfunctioning metabolic enzymes

A

auxotroph

73
Q

what enzyme is most frequently found in the lagging strand and not in the leading strand of DNA

A

ligase

MIcro (7 decks)

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