Exam 1

Question 1

What is the study of body structure called?

Answer 1

Anatomy

Anatomy focuses on the physical structure of the body.

Question 2

What is the study of body function and interactions called?

Answer 2

Physiology

Physiology explores how different systems and organs work together.

Question 3

Describe the anatomical position.

Answer 3

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat on floor.

Question 4

What is the difference between lateral and medial?

Answer 4

Lateral: away from the midline; Medial: towards the midline.

Question 5

What does deep mean in anatomical terms?

Answer 5

Further away from the surface of the body.

Question 6

What is the definition of proximal?

Answer 6

Closer to the point of attachment or the trunk.

Question 7

What does distal mean?

Answer 7

Further away from the point of attachment or the trunk.

Question 8

What does the sagittal plane do?

Answer 8

Divides the body into right and left sides.

Question 9

What is the midsagittal plane?

Answer 9

Divides the body into equal right and left halves.

Question 10

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

Answer 10

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Question 11

What does the transverse plane separate?

Answer 11

Superior and inferior parts.

Question 12

What are the two main body cavities?

Answer 12

Dorsal and Ventral.

Question 13

What does the dorsal cavity include?

Answer 13

Cranial and spinal cavities.

Question 14

What are the two subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

Answer 14

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic.

Question 15

What is the role of parietal serous membranes?

Answer 15

Lines the cavity wall.

Question 16

What do visceral serous membranes cover?

Answer 16

Cover organs.

Question 17

What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic region?

Answer 17

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ.

Question 18

What are the nine regions of the abdominopelvic area?

Answer 18

Umbilical, epigastric, hypogastric, and others.

Question 19

List the levels of organization in the body.

Answer 19

Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organism.

Question 20

What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 20

Protection, temperature regulation.

Question 21

Key components of the skeletal system?

Answer 21

Bones, joints.

Question 22

What is the primary function of the muscular system?

Answer 22

Movement, posture, heat.

Question 23

What does the nervous system coordinate?

Answer 23

Coordination and sensation.

Question 24

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 24

Hormone regulation.

Question 25

What does the cardiovascular system transport?

Answer 25

Blood and heat distribution.

Question 26

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 26

Immunity and fluid balance.

Question 27

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Answer 27

Gas exchange.

Question 28

What does the digestive system do?

Answer 28

Breakdown and absorption of food.

Question 29

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

Answer 29

Waste elimination and pH regulation.

Question 30

What does the reproductive system produce?

Answer 30

Gametes and hormones.

Question 31

Define homeostasis.

Answer 31

Stable internal environment.

Question 32

What type of feedback system shuts off the stimulus?

Answer 32

Negative feedback.

Question 33

What type of feedback enhances the stimulus?

Answer 33

Positive feedback.

Question 34

What is the atomic number?

Answer 34

Number of protons.

Question 35

What is the mass number?

Answer 35

Protons plus neutrons.

Question 36

What are isotopes?

Answer 36

Same protons, different neutrons.

Question 37

What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?

Answer 37

Ionic bond.

Question 38

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 38

Sharing of electrons.

Question 39

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 39

Weak attractions, important in water.

Question 40

What is a solution?

Answer 40

Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.

Question 41

What is a suspension?

Answer 41

Heterogeneous mixture.

Question 42

What is a colloid?

Answer 42

Particles remain suspended.

Question 43

What are the properties of water?

Answer 43

Cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity.

Question 44

What are electrolytes?

Answer 44

Ions critical for function.

Question 45

What defines an acid?

Answer 45

Donates H⁺, pH < 7.

Question 46

What defines a base?

Answer 46

Accepts H⁺, pH > 7.

Question 47

What does a buffer do?

Answer 47

Resists pH change.

Question 48

What is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 48

Amino acids.

Question 49

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 49

Energy.

Question 50

What are lipids composed of?

Answer 50

Glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 51

What are nucleic acids made of?

Answer 51

Nucleotides.

Question 52

What is anabolism?

Answer 52

Building molecules via dehydration synthesis.

Question 53

What is catabolism?

Answer 53

Breaking molecules via hydrolysis.

Question 54

DNA is double-stranded and pairs A-T, G-C. What is RNA?

Answer 54

Single-stranded, pairs A-U, G-C.

Question 55

What is Cephalic?

Answer 55

Toward the head or superior end.