Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 > Exam 1 Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Pt. 2 Flashcards

(100 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The anatomical position is a standardized stance used as a reference point in the study of human body structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the stance of the anatomical position.

A

An individual stands erect, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet flat on the ground.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of the anatomical position?

A

This uniform position allows for consistent descriptions of body parts and their locations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does ‘lateral’ mean in anatomical terms?

A

Lateral means away from the midline of the body.

Example: Ears are lateral to the nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does ‘medial’ mean in anatomical terms?

A

Medial means toward the midline of the body.

Example: The nose is medial to the ears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does ‘proximal’ mean?

A

Proximal means closer to the origin of a limb or point of attachment.

Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does ‘distal’ mean?

A

Distal means farther from the origin or attachment point.

Example: Fingers are distal to the elbow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does ‘superior’ refer to?

A

Superior means toward the head.

Example: The head is superior to the neck.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does ‘inferior’ refer to?

A

Inferior means toward the feet.

Example: The stomach is inferior to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does ‘anterior’ mean?

A

Anterior (ventral) refers to the front of the body.

Example: The chest is anterior to the spine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does ‘posterior’ mean?

A

Posterior (dorsal) refers to the back of the body.

Example: The spine is posterior to the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does ‘deep’ mean in anatomical terms?

A

Deep means closer to the interior of the body.

Example: Muscles are deep to the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does ‘superficial’ mean?

A

Superficial means closer to the surface.

Example: Skin is superficial to muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does ‘cephalic’ refer to?

A

Cephalic means toward the head or superior end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does ‘ipsilateral’ mean?

A

Ipsilateral means on the same side of the body (right or left).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does ‘contralateral’ mean?

A

Contralateral means on opposite sides of the body (right and left).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does ‘rostral’ mean?

A

Rostral means toward the forehead or nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does ‘caudal’ refer to?

A

Caudal means toward the tail or inferior end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are body planes?

A

Body planes are imaginary slices used to divide the body for descriptive and clinical purposes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left sections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the midsagittal plane?

A

The midsagittal plane divides the body equally into right and left halves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the parasagittal plane?

A

The parasagittal plane divides the body unequally, creating unequal right and left parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

A

The frontal plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

The transverse plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the oblique plane?
The oblique plane cuts at an angle to the standard planes, allowing for angled sections.
26
What are body cavities?
Body cavities protect and house internal organs.
27
What is the dorsal cavity?
The dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity (encases the brain) and the spinal cavity (contains the spinal cord).
28
What is the ventral cavity?
The ventral cavity includes the thoracic cavity (contains lungs and heart) and the abdominopelvic cavity (houses digestive and reproductive organs).
29
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
The thoracic cavity contains the lungs (pleural cavities) and the heart (pericardial cavity).
30
What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
The abdominopelvic cavity includes the abdominal cavity (houses digestive organs) and the pelvic cavity (contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum).
31
What are serous membranes?
Serous membranes line these cavities, reducing friction.
32
What is the parietal layer?
The parietal layer lines the cavity wall.
33
What is the visceral layer?
The visceral layer covers the organs.
34
What is the pericardium?
The pericardium encases the heart.
35
What is the pleura?
The pleura surrounds the lungs.
36
What is the peritoneum?
The peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs.
37
What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Liver, gallbladder, parts of intestines. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Stomach, spleen, pancreas. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Appendix, cecum, right ureter. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Portions of intestines, left ureter.
38
What are the nine regions of the abdomen?
Right/Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right/Left Lumbar, Umbilical, Right/Left Iliac, Hypogastric.
39
What are the levels of biological organization in the human body?
Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism.
40
What is the function of the Integumentary System?
Skin, hair, nails; protects against injury, regulates temperature, synthesizes vitamin D.
41
What is the function of the Skeletal System?
Bones, joints; supports body, protects organs, stores minerals, produces blood.
42
What is the function of the Muscular System?
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles; facilitates movement, maintains posture, generates heat.
43
What is the function of the Lymphatic/Immune System?
Lymph nodes, spleen; maintains fluid balance, defends against pathogens, absorbs fats.
44
What is the function of the Respiratory System?
Lungs, trachea; facilitates gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
45
What is the function of the Digestive System?
Mouth, stomach, intestines; breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.
46
What is the function of the Urinary System?
Kidneys, bladder; removes waste, regulates blood volume, pH, and electrolytes.
47
What is the function of the Nervous System?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves; controls body functions, processes sensory info.
48
What is the function of the Endocrine System?
Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal); secretes hormones regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction.
49
What is the function of the Cardiovascular System?
Heart, blood vessels; transports gases, nutrients, hormones, waste, and heat.
50
What are the male reproductive organs and their function?
Testes, penis; produces sperm and hormones.
51
What are the female reproductive organs and their function?
Ovaries, uterus; produces eggs, hormones, supports pregnancy.
52
What is homeostasis?
The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
53
What are the components of homeostasis?
Sensors (Receptors), Control Centers, Effectors.
54
What is negative feedback?
Most common feedback mechanism; counteracts deviations to restore normal conditions. ## Footnote Example: Blood glucose regulation via insulin.
55
What is positive feedback?
Amplifies initial change. ## Footnote Example: During childbirth, oxytocin increases contractions.
56
What are the components of an atom?
Protons: Positively charged, in nucleus. Neutrons: Neutral, in nucleus. Electrons: Negatively charged, orbit nucleus.
57
What is the atomic number?
Number of protons.
58
What is the mass number?
Protons + neutrons.
59
What are isotopes?
Atoms with the same protons but different neutrons.
60
What are ionic bonds?
Transfer of electrons; occurs between metals and nonmetals (forming cations and anions).
61
What are covalent bonds?
Sharing of electrons; occurs between nonmetals.
62
What is a mixture?
Physical combination of substances.
63
What is a homogeneous mixture?
Uniform composition, e.g., saltwater.
64
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
Non-uniform, e.g., salad.
65
What is a solvent?
The substance doing the dissolving (e.g., water).
66
What is a solute?
The substance being dissolved.
67
What are the properties of water?
Cohesion, Adhesion, High heat capacity, Participation in chemical reactions.
68
What are electrolytes?
Substances that produce ions in solution, essential for physiological processes. ## Footnote Examples include Potassium (K+), Sodium (Na+), Bicarbonate (HCO3-).
69
What defines acids?
Donors of H+ ions; pH < 7. ## Footnote Example: hydrochloric acid.
70
What defines bases?
Acceptors of H+ ions; pH > 7. ## Footnote Example: sodium hydroxide.
71
What is the pH of neutral substances?
pH = 7 (e.g., water).
72
What do buffer systems do?
Resist pH changes by neutralizing added acids or bases, crucial for maintaining blood pH. ## Footnote Example: Bicarbonate buffer system.
73
What does organic chemistry study?
Carbon-based compounds, which form the backbone of biomolecules.
74
What is the significance of carbon in organic chemistry?
Can form four covalent bonds, allowing diverse structures.
75
What are functional groups?
Specific arrangements of atoms attached to carbon that influence molecule properties. ## Footnote Example: hydroxyl in alcohols, carboxyl in acids.
76
What are the main types of biomolecules?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
77
What are carbohydrates composed of?
Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen).
78
What are lipids?
Glycerol, fatty acids, triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids, Waxes.
79
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids; functions include enzymatic activity, structural support, transport.
80
What are nucleic acids composed of?
Nucleotides (phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base).
81
What is polymerization?
Monomers link via dehydration synthesis to form polymers; broken down by hydrolysis.
82
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy source and storage.
83
What are the functions of lipids?
Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell membrane components.
84
What are the functions of proteins?
Enzymes, structural elements, signaling molecules.
85
What are the functions of nucleic acids?
Store and transmit genetic information.
86
What are complete proteins?
Proteins that contain all essential amino acids (mainly animal sources).
87
What are incomplete proteins?
Proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids (most plant sources).
88
What are essential amino acids?
Valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, methionine, lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine.
89
What are the functions of proteins?
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions, Hemoglobin transports oxygen, Structural proteins support tissues.
90
What is the anatomical position?
Provides a universal frame of reference.
91
What do body planes and cavities do?
Organize internal structures.
92
What do serous membranes do?
Reduce friction around organs.
93
What is the organization hierarchy in biology?
Progresses from atoms to the entire organism.
94
How do the eleven body systems function?
Collaborate to sustain life.
95
What is homeostasis?
Maintained via feedback mechanisms, primarily negative feedback.
96
How do atoms bond?
Through ionic and covalent bonds to form molecules.
97
What supports life in terms of water?
Water's unique properties, aided by electrolytes.
98
What is involved in pH regulation?
Acids, bases, and buffers.
99
What forms the basis of life?
Organic molecules with specific functions and structures.
100
What are proteins in terms of macromolecules?
Vital macromolecules with complex structures; their function depends on amino acid composition.

Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions