EXAM 1

Question 1

What is geology?

Answer 1

The study of the planet

Question 2

Who constructed the human and earth chronology?

Answer 2

Archbishop Usher

Question 3

What is catastrophism?

Answer 3

belief that earth’s landscapes formed from great catastrophes

Question 4

Who was the father of modern geology?

Answer 4

James Hutton

Question 5

What is uniformitarianism?

Answer 5

belief that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today also operated in the geological past

Question 6

What are the 2 types of planets?

Answer 6

terrestrial and jovian

Question 7

What is a terrestrial planet?

Answer 7

earth-like, small, dense, rocky

Question 8

What is a jovian planet?

Answer 8

jupiter-like, large, low density, gas giants

Question 9

What is magnetic north?

Answer 9

direction of the polarity of earth

Question 10

What is true north?

Answer 10

the axis on which the earth sits

Question 11

What is a contour interval?**

Answer 11

difference in elevation between 2 consecutive contour lines on the same slope

Question 12

What are index contours?

Answer 12

slightly bolder lines; every 5th has number on it

Question 13

What does a dashed line on a topographic map indicate?

Answer 13

streams only after heavy rains

Question 14

What are the characteristics of contour lines?

Answer 14

1) every point has same elevation**
2) the close on themselves (circle)
3) encircle a hilltop
4) slope rises/descends at right angles to any contour line
5) contours always bend up-valley when they cross a stream

Question 15

What is latitude?

Answer 15

equator, horizontal, 0-90 N/S

Question 16

What is longitude?

Answer 16

prime meridian, vertical, 0-180 E/W

Question 17

What do the latitude and longitude degrees further divide into?

Answer 17

60 minutes and 60 seconds

Question 18

What is magnetic declination?

Answer 18

angle between true and magnetic north

Question 19

What is total relief on a map?

Answer 19

difference between the highest and lowest points on a map

Question 20

What are faults?

Answer 20

fracture in rock along which displacement has occurred

Question 21

What is the focus?

Answer 21

spot w/in earth where earthquakes originated

Question 22

What is the epicenter?**

Answer 22

location on land surface above the focus

Question 23

What is elastic rebound?

Answer 23

• rock along fault wants to slip
• stress builds up
• rock finally ruptures

Question 24

What are the types of waves?

Answer 24

body and surface waves

Question 25

What are body waves?

Answer 25

primary and secondary

Question 26

Which waves have a push-pull motion and are the fastest?

Answer 26

primary

Question 27

Which waves have a shaking motion and travel only through solids?

Answer 27

secondary

Question 28

What are surface waves?

Answer 28

love and rayleigh

Question 29

Which waves move like a snake?

Answer 29

love

Question 30

Which waves move like ripples and are the slowest?

Answer 30

rayleigh

Question 31

What is seismology?

Answer 31

study of EQ waves that reveals their size and location

Question 32

What is a seismograph?

Answer 32

device used to record waves

Question 33

What is a seismogram?

Answer 33

record of an EQ

Question 34

What is liquefaction?

Answer 34

when EQs happen, ground that is soft and clay-like "liquifies" and buildings sink into ground

Question 35

What are the largest recorded EQs

Answer 35

``` 1960 Chile (9.5) 1964 Alaska (9.2) 2004 Sumatra (9.1) 2011 Japan (9.0) ```

Question 36

What part of the earth has two types, thin and thick? (name types too)

Answer 36

crust: oceanic and continental

Question 37

What is the earth's core made of?

Answer 37

inner: solid iron and nickel outer: liquid iron and nickel

Question 38

What are the two most abundant elements in the earth's crust?

Answer 38

oxygen and silicon

Question 39

The lithospheric plate is composed of what?

Answer 39

the crust and upper mantle

Question 40

What are the upper and lower mantle known as?

Answer 40

lithospheric and asthenoshperic plates

Question 41

What was Alfred Wegener's proposal?

Answer 41

that the continents drifted apart from each other (Pangea)

Question 42

Who made the first computer designed map of pangea?

Answer 42

Sir Edward Bullard

Question 43

What renewed the theory of continental drift?

Answer 43

paleomagnetism

Question 44

When the ocean floor was explored what was found?

Answer 44

mountain ranges and submarine volcanoes

Question 45

What do modern views of the ocean floor reveal?

Answer 45

mid-ocean ridge, trenches, fracture zones

Question 46

What are trenches?

Answer 46

deep, elongated trough bordering a volcanic arc

Question 47

What is found at the mid-ocean ridge?

Answer 47

submarine mt. belts and volcanoes at axis

Question 48

What are fracture zones?

Answer 48

narrow band of vertical fractures that lie at right angles to the mid-ocean ridge

Question 49

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Answer 49

divergent, convergent, transform

Question 50

What plate boundaries pull apart?

Answer 50

divergent

Question 51

What plate boundaries push together?**

Answer 51

convergent

Question 52

What plate boundaries slip and slide against each other?

Answer 52

transform

Question 53

What are the three types of convergent plates?

Answer 53

- oceanic v oceanic - oceanic v continental - continental v continental

Question 54

What happens in oceanic v oceanic?

Answer 54

the older, colder, more dense plate subducts back into lithosphere

Question 55

What happens in oceanic v continental?

Answer 55

oceanic always subducts down

Question 56

What happens in continental v continental?

Answer 56

push together and up to create mountains

Question 57

What is tectonism?

Answer 57

large-scale movements and deformation of Earth's crust

Question 58

What are hot spots?

Answer 58

stationary volcanic plumes located intraplate