Exam 1 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Exine
A
outer layer of pollen grain made of sporopollenin
2
Q
What is sporopollenin?
A
a polymer of carotenoids or lipids
3
Q
Is pollen grain haploid or diploid?
A
Haploid Generation
4
Q
Synonym for Multicellular Haploid Generation
A
Gametophyte Generation
5
Q
Apertures/ Exine function
A
Protect pollen grain from drying out
6
Q
What is intine composed of?
A
cellulose and pectin
7
Q
2 Celled Pollen Grain
A
Generative cell, Tube (vegetative cell)
8
Q
Tube Cell
A
in male gametophytes the cell that develops into the pollen tube
9
Q
Is the tube cell haploid or diploid?
A
Haploid
10
Q
Generative Cell
A
Cell in the male gametophyte that divided to form 2 sperm cells
11
Q
Another phrase for the 2 celled pollen grain
A
Immature Microgametophyte
12
Q
How many cells does a mature microgametophyte have?
A
3
13
Q
How many cells does a mature megagametophyte have?
A
8 haploid cells
14
Q
Size of pollen grain
A
10 micrometers- 350 micrometers
15
Q
Explain in detail what the pollen tube does
A
Grows pollen tube to deliver sperm to egg cell
16
Q
Is the generative cell haploid or diploid?
A
Haploid
17
Q
Intine
A
inner layer of pollen grain
18
Q
Do proteins on the exine or intine cause allergies?
A
Exine
19
Q
How many cells does the intine have?
A
3 cells
20
Q
When the generative cell divides by mitosis what is the end result?
A
2 sperm cells
21
Q
In angiosperms is the diploid or haploid stage dominant?
A
Diploid
22
Q
Sporophyte generation
A
Things we can see like leaf, roots, anther
23
Q
What makes up the pollen grain?
A
Intine, Exine, Generative Cell, Tube Cell
24
Q
What makes up the female gametophyte?
A
Polar nuclei, synergids, integuments, egg, ovule
25
Another name for the female gametophyte?
Embryo sac
26
Function of synergids?
check pollen tube and excrete chemical to tell pollen tube where to grow
27
Is pollen a spore?
no
28
How is a spore and a gamete similar?
haploid, unicellular
29
How is a spore and a gamete different?
Spore divide by mitosis
| Gametes have to be fertilized
30
What does the anther do?
produces pollen and dehisces
31
Tapetum
inside of the anther
32
Pollination
pollen lands on a stigma
33
Fertilization
successful growth of pollen tube and delivering 2 sperm cells
34
Ovary develops into....
fruit
35
Ovule develops into.....
seed
36
Integuments develop into....
seed coat
37
Endosperm= _____ + ______
central cell and sperm cell
38
Endosperm in eudicots
becomes engulfed early
39
Endosperm in monocots
dosent become engulfed
40
Respecticle
base of a flower
41
Stamen
Male part of flower that includes the anther and filament
42
Andrecium
Stamen
43
Gynoceium
Carpel
44
Carpel
Female part of a flower that includes the stigma, style, and ovary
45
4 modified leafs of Angiosperms
Sepals, Petals, Stamen, Carpel
46
Complete Flower
Flower with all 4 parts/whorls
47
Perfect Flower
includes male and female parts but may be missing other two parts
48
Imperfect Flower
stamens or carpels are missing but everything else is there
49
Incomplete Flower
Flowers lacking 1 part/whorl
50
Angio (___) Sperm (___)
Vessel, seed
51
Sepals
enclose flower parts
52
Petals
usually colored
53
Stamens
Part that produces pollen
54
Carpel
Encloses the ovules
55
Filament
Stalk of a stamen
56
Anther
Pollen bearing portion
57
Pollen sacs
cavity in the anther that contains the pollen grains
58
Ovary
lower part that encloses the ovules
59
Style
Middle part where the pollen tube grows
60
Stigma
Upper part that receives the pollen
61
Titan Arum
Large flower in Wisconsin that attract pollinators by heating up and has a rotten scent
62
2 Ways plant doesn't get self pollinated?
Anthers or ovaries will form first
| Timing of male and female parts
63
Monoecious
If stamens and carpels occur on the same plant
64
Example of monoecious plant
Corn, Oat
65
Dioecious
If stamen and carpel are found on separate plants
66
Example of dioecious plant
Willow
67
Incompatibility
Molecular ways to prevent and recognize self pollination
68
Tony T.
Says plants are intelligent
69
Photomorphogenesis
the patterns of growth development seen in the light
70
Deetiolated
Light Grown
71
Etoliated
Dark Grown
72
Darwin
Concluded that a signal moves through the plant and controls growth-- plant hormones
73
Hormone Definition
chemical that is endogenous, signaling molecule/messanger
74
Photoreceptors
how plants sense environment
75
List plant hormones
Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellin, Abscisic Acid, Ethlene, Brassinosteroid
76
Auxin (based on, where on plant, travels)
Based on amino acid called tryplophan
Made at the top of plant
Major site is apex and travels downward
77
Cytokinin (based on)
Adenine
78
Gibberellin
steroid
79
Abscisic Acid (made in, travels)
small organic acid, roots, upward
80
Ethylene
small hydrocarbon, H2H4, a gas
81
Functions of auxin
```
Differentiate vascular tissue
Arrangement of Leaves
Promotes Fruit Development
Cell Elongation
Inhibits growth of buds (Apical dominance)
```
82
Function of Cytokinin
work with auxin
| Delay leaf changing to yellow color
83
Gibberellin
Allow mutant dwarfs to grow tall
Break Seed Dormancy
Leads to synthesis of digestive enzymes (amylase)
Cell elongation
84
Ethylene
Maintains apical hook
Fruit Ripening
Promotes shedding of flowers/leaves
85
ABA
Stress Hormone
Prevent Seed Germination
Response to droughts
86
Plasticity
ability to grown and change form to suit their environment
87
When a fruit is developing the seed secrete what hormone to stimulate fruit development?
GA
88
Parthenocarpy
fruit with no seeds, can develop without fertilization
89
What two things tell plants when to germinate
Light, Temperature
90
Phytochrome
light receptor plants use to perceive light
91
How do plants measure the light?
Measure the length of the night rather than the day
92
Photoconversion
can go back between P(FR) & P(R)
93
Dark reversion
at night PFR goes back to PR
94
Inactive form of light (Pr or Pfr)
Pr
95
Active form of light (Pr or Pfr)
Pfr
96
What happens if red light is absorbed?
shifts to Pfr
97
What happens if Pfr light is absorbed?
shifts to Pr
98
Long night = more PR or PFR
PR
99
Short night = more PR or PFR
PFR
100
If a plant is getting over shadowed what light does it absorb?
PFR
101
What kind of light does the plant absorb if it is in the upper canopy and not getting shaded but doing the shading?
Full spectrum, Fr
102
Fruit
a matured ovary
103
Example of parthenocapy fruit?
Banana, orange, pine apple
104
Simple Fruit
fruit developed from a carpel or several united carpels
105
Example of a simple fruit
Bean, cherry, tomato
106
Aggregrate Fruit
fruit developed from several separate carpels of a single flowr
107
Example of a aggregrate fruit?
Raspberry, Strawberry
108
3 main types of fleshy fruit
Pome, Berry, Drupe
109
Berry
fleshy fruits with lots of seeds all parts are pulpy except the exocarp which is skinlike
110
Examples of berries
tomato, grape
111
Drupes (stone fruits)
usually one seeded with a skinlike exocarp, fleshy mesocarp, stony endocarp
112
Examples of drupes
Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Coconut, Olives
113
Pomes
outer portion is formed by floral parts that surround the ovary
114
Examples of pomes
Apples, Pears
115
Way to classify dry simple fruits
Dehiscent
| Indehiscent
116
Dehiscent
fruits that split open at maturity and have lots of seeds
117
Indehiscent
fruits that don't split at maturity and contain many fruits
118
Follicle
splits along one side
119
Legume
splits along both sides
120
What are the 2 largest groups of angiosperms
Monocots,Diocots
121
Eudicots
2 coteyledons
122
Family (Eudicots)
Family Fabaceae
123
Family (Monocots)
Family Poacea
124
Monocots
1 cotelydon
125
Poacea
Grass Family
126
Fabacea
Bean
127
What phylum are we looking at?
Anthophyta
128
Antophyta=
flowering plants
129
How many members in Anthophyta
About 450,000
130
3 parts of carpel
exo, endo, meso
131
Vegetable
3 organs are leaf, stem, root
132
Advantaged of seed
Dispersal
Protection for embryo
Food source for embryo
Period of dormancy
133
cotyledon
seed leaf
134
3 parts of seed
seed coat
food source
embryo
135
Aleurone
protein
