Final Flashcards
(148 cards)
0
Q
Example off assimilation
A
NH3 ——> Amino acid
1
Q
Assimilation
A
Inorganic to organic
2
Q
Fixation
A
Gas to solid
3
Q
Example of fixation
A
N2 ——–> NH3
4
Q
What cycle does fixation and assimilation?
A
Calvin Cycle
5
Q
Haber Process
A
N2 from air
High temp and pressure around hydrogen
Ammonia
6
Q
Before Haber Process how was nitrogen fixed?
A
Lighting
Rhizobia
7
Q
What is rhizobia?
A
Small microbes that associate with plants
8
Q
What plant family is unique to Rhizobia?
A
Family Fabacae
9
Q
Monoculture
A
1 species grown on an agricultural crop
10
Q
Polyculture
A
More than 1 species growing on an agricultural crop
11
Q
Example of monoculture
A
Corn
12
Q
Example of poly culture
A
Wheat
13
Q
Describe the relationship between rhizobia and the plant
A
Symbiotic; mutualistic
14
Q
Benefit for nitrogen fixation for rhizobia?
A
Place to live
Sugars for food
15
Q
Benefit of nitrogen fixation for plant?
A
Nitrogen so it is able to grow
16
Q
Nodules
A
Pinkish in color
Where rhizobia can live
17
Q
Why are the nodules pink?
A
Leghemoglobin
18
Q
What is nitrogenase?
A
Enzyme that microbe that fixes nitrogen
19
Q
What kind of environment does nitrogenase need to be nose efficient?
A
Low oxygen
20
Q
Describe the steps of interaction between the rhizobia and the legume
A
- legume sends out flavonoids into soil
- rhizobia are attracted to flavonoids
- plant lets rhizobia in through root hairs
- rhizobia enter root and is enclosed
- parenchyma cell engulfs
21
Q
What are bacteroids?
A
Vessicle that houses lots of rhizobia
22
Q
What is the structure of a nodule?
A
Appendage of a root that contains Leghemoglobin when function
23
Q
What is the function of the nodule?
A
House for rhizobia
24
What does the plant squire from rhizobia?
Ammonia
25
What does Mycorrhizae mean?
fungus root
26
What is the main reservoir for Phosphorus?
Rocks
27
What is the main reservoir for Nitrogen?
Air
28
What do leaves represent?
Primary productivity.
29
What is Leaf Area Index?
Square meters of leafs area/square meter of land
30
What does leaf Area index measure?
Gross primary production
31
What is the old way to measure leaf area index?
Stick rod into plant from top all the way to ground and count are of leaf and ground
32
What is the new way to measure leaf area index?
Satellite
33
What kind of veins does monocots have?
Parallel veins
34
What kind of veins do eudicots have?
Netted veins
35
What are Trichomes?
Leaf hairs
36
How does the Venus fly trap open?
Pumping in water
37
What is a tendril?
A modified leaf common in pea plants
Can wrap around things that are nearby
38
What does the position of the node have to do with stem and leaf modifications?
Lower position of Node:modified leaf
| Upper position of Node:modified stem
39
What are bracts?
Modified leaf
Doesn't do photosynthesis
40
What are spines?
Modified leaves
Not photosynthetic
Used for protection
41
What are thorns?
Modified stems
42
What are prickles?
Defense structure on roses
Outgrowths of the epidermis
43
What simple tissue are spines, thorns, prickles made of?
Schlerenchyma
44
Do plants have more stomates on the upper dermis or the lower dermis?
Upper dermis
45
Why do plants have more stomates on their lower dermis?
Because sunlight penetrated the upper leaf
46
Describe the upper dermis in a dicot leaf.
No chloroplasts
Covered in waxy cuticle
Made of Collenchyma
47
Describe the lower dermis in a dicot leaf
No chloroplasts
Stomates and guard cells
48
Describe the palisade parenchyma
Directly below the upper dermis
Chloroplasts
Tightly packed
49
Describe the spongy parenchyma
Directly below palisade parenchyma
Chloroplasts
Loosely packed
50
Why are there loosely packed cells in spongy parenchyma?
To allow rapid CO2 movement
51
What is the mesophyll made of?
Palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma
52
What exactly is the mesophyll?
Middle leaf
Ground tissue
53
Describe the waxy cuticle on upper dermis
Non photosynthetic cells.
54
What are stomatal crypts?
Indent section of leaf that slows water loss in desert plants
55
What are the 4 steps of gene copying in plants?
1. clone gene of interest
2. transform 1 plant cell
3. regenerate transformed plant
4. stable transformant
56
What 2 things do you need to clone the gene of interest?
Restriction enzymes
Plasmids, micro bacterial cells
57
What is the function of restriction enzymes?
Cut DNA in bacteria
58
Why is the function of the plasmids?
copy DNA
59
What are the 2 methods of transformation?
Biolistics
Agrobacterium
60
What things do you need to regenerate transformed plant?
Tissue culture
Totipotency
61
What is another name for transformed?
Genetically modified
62
What is the definition of genetic modification?
When a foreign gene is inserted from the outside
63
What is Monsanto?
One of the biggest suppliers of GMOs
64
When did genetic modification start taking place?
1980s
65
What are the top 2 GMO crops?
Soy
Corn
90%
66
What is another name for traditional breeding method?
Backcross
67
Basic method behind Backcross method
Cross Disease resistant with non disease resistant
Look for offspring that are disease resistant
Cross back to non disease resistant
68
True or false? Transformed plants can get genes from any species?
True
69
What is biolistics?
Transformation through the gene gun
70
Describe the mechanism for biolistics
Petri plate with plant cells
Prepare gene of interest by coating it with gold particles
Cover discs
71
What kind of disease does Agrobacterium cause?
Gall disease
72
What is gall?
Plant rumor where microbe lives
73
What is TI Plasmid?
Tumor Inducing Plasmid of Agrobacterium
74
What is opine
Small molecule plants eat
75
When Agrobacterium is used what are the main genes transferred into the plant?
Auxin
Cytokinins
Production gene
Opine
76
Name the different types of GMO Crops
```
Corn
Soy
Sugar beet
Papaya
Zucchini
Squash
Canola oil
```
77
What is papaya and zucchini engineered to resist?
Disease
78
What is the PLU code?
Typically 4 digits
If 5 digits
- 1st digit is a 8=GMO
- 1st digit is a 9=organic
79
What does the gene construct contain?
Gene of interest
80
What does a constitutive promoter mean?
On always
Cauliflower
81
What is a finer promoter?
Expresses sometimes in certain places
82
Selective marker gene
Most likely antibiotic resistant
83
Flavr Savr tomato
Trait is that it does not rot
84
FDA
Safety and labeling
85
EPA
Pesticides
86
General criteria approval of GMOs
1. DNA is not an additive
2. is the gene product or consequence generally recognized as safe
3. is the product equivalent to traditional product
4. regulate product not the process
87
What is the breeding goal of golden rice?
To improve vitamin A nutrition in humans
88
Vitamin A:
Beta carotene
89
What foods contain beta carotene?
Carrots
Spinach
Lettuce
90
What kind of pigment is beta carotene?
Photosynthetic pigment
91
Is round up a herbicide or insecticide?
Herbicide
92
What kind of inhibitor is round up?
Glyphosate inhibitor of EPSsynyhase enzyme
93
Is Bt an insecticide or herbicide?
Insecticide
94
What protein does Bt code for?
Cry protein
95
What kind of gene does Bt have?
Microbial gene
96
What is the goal of Bt crops?
Insecticide
97
Dows enlist maize
Gene: aad-1
Function: detoxify 2,4-D
GM TRait: 2,4-D herbicide resistant
98
What is herbicide tolerance?
Ability to break down the herbicide
99
Goal of dows enlist maize
Herbicide resistant
100
What is translation?
The transgenic plant has an added gene that was made by copying a gene from a microbe
101
What kinds of weeds do 2,4-D kill?
Broadleaf
102
If a plant doesn't have lots of Phosphorus what does it do?
Associate with mycorrhizae
103
What are the three benefits of mycorrhizae association?
More phosphate
More water
Displaced competition for pathogens
104
What do fungi extend to get out into the soil?
Hyphae
105
What are two types of mycorrhizae?
Endo
| Ecto
106
Ectomycorrihzae
Send fungal hypae into the Apoplast. Fungus never crosses the cell membrane
107
What is another name for the Apoplast?
Wall space
108
Endomycorrhizae
Enter through the root hair and form structures inside
109
VAM
Vesicular Arbusular
Tree like form
Symplastic
110
Distinguish between Symplast and Apoplast based on the two types of mycorrhizae
Symplast-Endomycorrhizae
Apoplast-Ectomycorrihzae
111
What is mycorrhizae good for?
Disease suppressant
112
What plant doesn't have mycorrhizae?
Garlic mustard
113
Are rhizobia free living or are mycorrhizae free living?
Rhizobia are free living
Mycorrhizae can't live on their own they have to be living inside a plant
114
Main 5 components of soil
```
Air
Minerals
Water
Biota
Organic decaying matter
```
115
Distribution of composition of soil highest to lowest percentage
```
Mineral
Water
Air
Biota
Organic decaying matter
```
116
What are the two main minerals in soil?
Silica and silica oxides which are negatively charger
117
Describe the organic decaying matter in soil
Human and animal matter. Lots of lib in and cellulose
118
Lignin
OH
119
Cellulose
COOH
120
Describe biota in soil composition
Microbes in the soil
121
What is the biggest mineral in the soil, middle, smallest?
Biggest: sand
Middle: silt
Smallest: clay
122
What is the purpose of sand in soil?
Good drainage and airation
123
What is the purpose of clay in the soil?
Holds the water
124
What is the charge on most mineral nutrients and why?
Positively charged can bind to negative ones
125
What is cation exchange?
Binding is reversible
126
What element is good at binding at a great affinity?
Hydrogen
127
Purpose of nitrogen
Help build amino acids
Alkaloids
Stem growth
128
Purpose of phosphorus
Root growth
ATP
129
Purpose of potassium
Manipulate water potential
130
Purpose of calcium
Raphides
Signaling molecule
Cell wall cross linking
131
Purpose of iron
Electron carriers
Redox reactions
132
Purpose of magnesium
Chlorophyll making
133
Purpose of sulfur
2 metabolite
Proteins
134
3 fertilizer number system
1st- %N
2nd- %P
3rd- %K
135
What three things are fertilizers mainly made of?
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
136
Miracle gros NPK number
24-8-16
137
Example of ground tissues
Mesophyll
Cortex
Pith
138
Example of dermal tissue
Trichomes
Stomates
Cuticle
Root hairs
139
Advantages of double fertilization
Save plant energy
| Rapid seed development
140
Double fertilization
- sperm fertilized egg
| - sperm fused with polar nuclei to form endosperm
141
How is angiosperm life cycle different than animal life cycle?
Animal cycle had no multicellular haploid generation
142
Corolla=
Petals
143
Sporophyte=
Ovule
144
What is the advantage of having a life cycle where diploid is dominant?
Fewer changes to experience mutations
145
Water potential formula
Solute potential + pressure potential
Sol pot. Is always negative
146
Essential elements
```
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Iron
```
147
Micronutrients
```
Chlorine
Iron
Boron
Manganese
Zinc
Cooper
Nickel
```
