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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what produces neurotransmitter

A

the soma (cell body)

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2
Q

what is a multipolar nueron and whats an example of one?

A

a motor neuron, one axon, lots of dendrites

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3
Q

what is a pseudounipolar neuron and whats an example of one?

A

makes two stops (has two axons) for example sensory neurons, peripheral axon carries sensory info from periphery to soma, then the central axon carries that info from the soma to the SC

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4
Q

whats a bipolar neuron and where are they found?

A

one axon and one dendrite: in the retina

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5
Q

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes ans schwann cells are all what type of cell?

A

glial cells, they are all macroglia

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6
Q

what does an astrocyte do?

A

A, B (ASTROCTYE AND BBB) froms blood brain barrier, involved in development and repair

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7
Q

what does an oligodendrocyte do?

A

OCTOPUS! makes the myelin sheath for lots of axons in the CNS

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8
Q

what does a schwann cell do?

A

HUGS TIGHT WITH ALL ITS MIGHT! myelin sheath for only ONE axon in the PNS

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9
Q

what are microglia?

A

phagocytes

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10
Q

what disease attacks Schwann cells

A

guillan barre

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11
Q

what disease attacks oligodendrites

A

MS

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12
Q

what is the charge of a resting cell membrane and what maintains it?

A

-70 mV, Na K pump

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13
Q

what is the most common exitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

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14
Q

what are two common inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA and glycine

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15
Q

what neurotransmitter works in the periphery?

A

acetylcholine

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16
Q

what neurotransmitters control pain?

A

substance P, endorphins, enkephalins

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17
Q

what neurotransmitter is directly related to parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

what neurotransmitter works in the autonomic nervous system?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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19
Q

what does the neurotransmitter nitric oxide do?

A

regulates the vascular system

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20
Q

what does aspartate do?

A

its an excitatory amino acid…

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21
Q

what does serotonin do?

A

regulates mood
perception of pain
arousal level
supresses sensory perception

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22
Q

what does histamine do?

A

increases arousal

regulates hormones in body

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23
Q

which disease attacks ACh receptors?

A

Myasthenia gravis- attacks them and renders them useless so not enough ACh gets thru to the mm and the mm that a person uses a lot get fatigued and weak (ex. eyelid mm)

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24
Q

what area is the primary auditory cortex?

A

41

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25
what area is the primary visual cortex
17
26
what area is the secondary visual cortex or visual association cortex?
18/19
27
what area is the primary sensory cortex
1,2,3
28
what area is Wernicke's area
22
29
what area is the primary association cortex?
39,40
30
how many pairs of nerve exit the spinal cord?
31
31
all cervical nn exit ______ the vert. except C8 which exits ______ the vertebrae like all the other nn do
above, below
32
dorsal horn of SC
where peripheral sensory nerves end
33
lateral horn of SC
only in T1-L2= sympathetic nervous system nerves
34
ventral horn of SC
cell bodies of lower motor neuron cells
35
dorsal column
sensory tracts
36
lateral column
sensory and motor tracts
37
anterior column
motor tracts
38
where do UMN start and synapse?
in brain stem or cortex and synapse on LMNs
39
LMNs have their cell bodies in one of two places depending on what they are, theses LMNs synapse with their cell bodies in these two places and then leave the CNS and go to carry out their function in the periphery
12 Cranial Nerves= cell body in the brainstem | alpha motor nerves= cell body in ventral horn of sc
40
Characteristics and examples of UMN lesions
hyperreflexive, hypertonia: CVA, TBI, MS, PD, SCI
41
characteristics and examples of LMN lesions
hypotonia, hypo or absent reflexes, fibrillations or fasciculations, flacid paralysis: guillan barre, crush injury, severed injury, polio,
42
what is the only disease which affects both UMNs and LMNs and therefore presents with both flaciddity/weakness and spasticity?
ALS
43
what happens in a simple reflex
1) stretch stimulus triggers a 1A afferent mm spindle which synapses on an a-motor neuron and an interneuron 2) the a-motor neuron activates the agonist to contract and the interneuron inhibits the antagonist 3) finally the reticulospinal input form the CNS activates the antagonist and brings the motion back to neutral
44
3 parts that make up the "brain stem"
pons, midbrain, medulla
45
what does the brainstem do
contains sensory, motor and autonomic neurons. Takes care of automatic bodily functions.
46
what does the reticular formation do?
adjusts general activity level of the nervous system integrates sensory and cortical information regulates somatic motor info and autonomic functions regulates consciousness modulates nociceptive info
47
Major nuclei of the reticular formation:
ventral tegmental pedunculopontine raphae locus cerulus/medial reticular area
48
what does the ventral tegmental nuclei do?
produces dopamine meth and cocaine addiction decision making
49
what does the pedunculopontine nucleus do?
produces ACh movement works with thalamus and vestibular and reticular nuclei to influence movement
50
what does the raphae nucleus do?
produces seretonin works with the cerebrum to affect mood inhibits pain transmission
51
what does the locus cereleus and medial reticular areas do?
produces norepinephrine regulates attention regulates autonomic functions (med. retic. area)
52
what does medulla do?
(control center for sustaining life processes) swallowing, coordinate head and eye movement, controls cadiovascular activity, respiratory activity, viscera
53
anterior medulla
CN 9-12, pyramid where corticospinal tract crosses, olives
54
posterior medulla
inferior cerebellar pedunce, central aqueduct opens into 4th ventricle
55
basilar midbrain
anterior!- motor control: motor nuclei and descending motor neurons
56
tegmentum of midbrain
posterior!- CN cnulei, med. longitudinal fasciculus (coordinates head and eye movement) reticular formaion (awareness and arousal), sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts
57
tectum of midbrain
pretectal area, sup/inf colliculus (reflexive eye control and head movement)
58
basilar pons
anterior!- motor nuclei, descending motor tracts
59
tegmentum of pons
posterior!- CN nuclei, med. longitudinal fasciculus (coordinates head and eye movement) reticular formaion (awareness and arousal), sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts
60
basilar medulla
anterior!- motor nuclei and desc. motor tracts
61
tegmentum medulla
posterior!- CN nuclei, med. longitudinal fasciculus (coordinates head and eye movement) reticular formaion (awareness and arousal), sensory nuclei and ascending sensory tracts
62
brain stem disorders are a mix of what kinds of symptoms?
UMN and LMN also, ipsilateral and contralateral
63
if a pt exhibits the 4 D's what are they and where might their damage be?
dysphagia, dysarthria, diploplia and dysmetria (death) -->damage most likely in brainstem
64
what is alternating hemiplegia
stroke at CN III (oculomotor) VI (abducens) or XII (hypoglossal) .
65
S&S of alternating hemiplegia
flaccid paralysis on same side of face (opposite side still has ipsilateral intervention), damage to nearby corticospinal tract (fine motor), and opposite side of biody is spasmodic and hyperreflexive
66
what does the medulla do? (haha medullado)
HR, RR, vasodilation/constriction, all via efferent NN and Vagus N
67
what does the pons do?
respiration
68
what does the hypothalamus do?
modulates brainstem autonomic regulation: oversees homeostasis and ANS, cardioresp, digestion, water reabsorption, metabolics via the pituitary gland, gets olfaction signals and some visual info directly
69
what does the thalamus do?
also modulates brainstem auto regulations: sends visceral info to limbic system...
70
what does the limbic system do?
emotion, memory, motor/autonomic output via emotion
71
what makes up the limbic system?
hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, limbic cortex
72
what does they amygdala do?
fear
73
what does the hippocampus do?
memory

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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