Exam 1-3+Final Questions Flashcards
(371 cards)
1
Q
What percent of the minor/horizontal fissure is NOT seen on PA?
A
44%
2
Q
What heart condition are vanishing tumors and pleural effusion most commonly associated with?
A
CHF
3
Q
What is the most common benign tumor of the diaphragm?
A
Lipoma
4
Q
What is an encapsulation of pleural fluid in an interlobar fissure called?
A
Vanishing pseudotumor
5
Q
What will a large amount of pleural fluid cause the heart and mediastinum to do?
A
Shift away from the affected side
6
Q
What is the most common cause of a mediastinal shift towards the affected lung?
A
Atelectasis
7
Q
What is the most common primary tumor of the pleura?
A
Mesothelioma
8
Q
__________ is a type of atelectasis that involves a local generalized scarring and fibrosing of the lung tissue.
A
Cicatrization
9
Q
What does the standard 2 view chest series consist of?
A
PA and Lateral
10
Q
What are the breathing instructions for a chest series?
A
Inhale and hold
11
Q
What is the SID for chest films?
A
72 inches
12
Q
What is the radiolucent space behind the sternum called?
A
Retrosternal clear space
13
Q
What is the radiolucent space behind the heart called?
A
Retrocardiac clear space
14
Q
What is the optional chest view for pleural effusion?
A
Lateral decubitus
15
Q
Which side lies against the table for a lateral decubitus view?
A
Affected side down
16
Q
What is the optional chest view to project clavicle and 1st rib above apices?
A
Apical lordotic
17
Q
Which hilum is higher in 97% of the population?
A
Left
18
Q
What structures separates the upper lobe from the middle lobe?
A
Minor/horizontal fissure
19
Q
What is the most common accessory lobe seen on plain film?
A
Azygos lobe
20
Q
Which lung is an azygos lobe most commonly found in?
A
Right
21
Q
What is the most common accessory lobe to occur in general population?
A
Inferior accessory lobe (10-20%)
22
Q
What rib numbers, right and left - anterior and posterior, relate to the diaphragm?
A
Right: 7 anterior, 10 posterior
Left: 8 anterior, 11 posterior
23
Q
___________ is an abnormal muscle development with nerve deficiency of the diaphragm?
A
Eventration/scalloping
24
Q
__________ is the name of the fluid found in the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura?
A
Surfactant
25
What is the radiographic pattern associated with excess pleural fluid that fills in the costophrenic angles?
Meniscus sign
26
__________ pleural effusion involves a local collection of fluid due to adhesions.
Encapsulated
27
Where is pleural thickening most commonly located?
Base of the lung
28
Collapse or incomplete expansion of a lung is a sign of what pathology?
Atelectasis
29
What is the most common form of atelectasis (partial or complete collapse of lung)?
Obstructive
30
__________ atelectasis involves a decrease in surfactant.
Adhesive
31
Fissure displacement and an increased radiopacity of the lung are direct signs of what pathology?
Atelectasis
32
What are the 2 most common radiographic substances seen in chest films?
Air and water
33
What is the appearance of the posterior sulcus?
Sharp and clear
34
At what spinal level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4-5
35
What view is used to see the fissures and septa of the lungs?
Lateral
36
What is the name of the fissure of the left lung?
Major/oblique fissure
37
What is the most common disturbance of the diaphragm?
Hiccups
38
What is the most common malignant tumor of the diaphragm?
Fibrosarcoma
39
What is the most common benign tumor of the diaphragm?
Lipoma
40
Previous inflammation of fibrosis of the lung tissue can cause?
Tenting
41
A _________ is a radiolucent bubble in the fundus of the stomach.
Magenblase
42
How much time does it take for a lung to collapse in an acute case of obstructive atelectasis?
18-24hrs
43
Where is plate-like atelectasis most commonly located?
Base of the lung
44
A __________ is due to the rupture of the pleura where outside air is allowed into the pleural space.
Pneumothorax
45
Which direction does the lung go in relation to the mediastinum in the case of pleural effusion?
Away
46
__________ atelectasis presents as a space occupying mass or lesion outside of the lung.
Passive
47
__________ atelectasis presents as a space occupying mass or lesion inside of the lung.
Compressive
48
The left posterior margin of the diaphragm is marked by the _____ rib.
11th
49
What is the most common accessory lobe seen on a chest x-ray?
Azygos lobe/fissure
50
The inferior accessory lobe/fissure is most commonly found in which lung?
Right lung
51
Blunting of the costophrenic angles are commonly caused by what 2 conditions?
Pleural effusion and emphysema
52
Vanishing pseudotumors are most commonly located in the __________ fissure?
Right minor/horizontal fissure
53
What is the most common type of atelectasis?
Obstructive
54
What are the 5 types of atelectasis?
```
Passive
Adhesive
Compressive
Cicatrization
Obstructive
```
55
What is the best radiographic position to view pleural effusion?
Lateral decubitus
56
What radiographic technique is used to view bronchiectasis?
CT
57
What is the best radiographic position to view pneumothorax?
PA chest with EXPIRATION
| Inspiration is normally performed for chest x-rays
58
What is the posterior sulcus also known as?
Posterior costophrenic angle
59
What is the only benign tumor to originate from the pleura and most commonly the visceral pleura?
Pleural fibroma (aka Fibrous Pleural Mesothelioma)
60
__________ is pus in the pleural cavity
Empyema
61
_________ pleural effusion involves the entrapment of fluid between the under surface of the lung and top of the diaphragm.
Subpulmonary
62
Pus in a cavity is?
Empyema
63
The MC benign lung tumor has a fat density and is located in the periphery. What is it called?
Hamartoma
64
What is the greatest risk factor for malignant pleural mesothelioma?
Asbestos
65
A germ cell tumor that may form teeth, fat or soft tissue is called?
Teratoma
66
Are teratomas usually benign or malignant?
Benign
67
The MC anterior mediastinal mass is adults is?
Thymoma
68
The MC anterior mediastinal mass in kids is?
Thymic hyperplasia
69
The MC primary tumor in the mediastinum is?
Lymphoma
70
What type of tumor causes segmental or lobar collapse, bronchial obstruction and hemoptosis?
Bronchial carcinoid tumor
71
What cancer causes recurrent, unresolving, persistent patterns of pneumonia in smokers?
Bronchogenic carcinoma
72
What is the MC type of bronchogenic carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma
73
What are the x-ray signs for adenocarcinoma?
Peripheral mass with irregular borders, and air bronchogram sign
74
What is the 2nd MC type of bronchogenic carcinoma and is the MC cell type of a pancoast tumor?
Squamous cell carcinoma
75
What is the most aggressive lung tumor?
Small cell carcinoma
76
What tumor extends from the lung apex into the chest wall and may produce Horner’s Syndrome, Cushing’s Syndrome, and arm pain?
Small cell carcinoma
77
What are the AKA’s for small cell carcinoma?
Oat cell carcinoma
78
A lymphoma with no B or T cells that spreads from a lymph node into lung tissue by direct extension, and may have pleural effusion is called?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
79
What is the age of onset for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
2nd-3rd decades
80
What is the MC lymphoma which forms a single large conglomerate mass?
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
81
A mass in the lung apex with destruction of adjacent rib or vertebra, Horner’s syndrome, and pain or atrophy of arm muscles is most likely?
Pancoast syndrome
82
What is the MC location for metastatic lung dz?
Lung base
83
An immune reaction to inhaled organic substances is called?
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
84
What allergen causes Farmer’s lung?
Moldy hay
85
What allergen causes Bird Fancier’s lung?
Feathers, feces
86
What allergen causes bagassosis?
Moldy sugar cane
87
What allergen causes sequoiosis?
Redwood dust
88
What allergen causes byssinosis?
Cotton, hemp, flax seed
89
An immune reaction to inhaled inorganic substances is called?
Pneumoconiosis
90
Which type of pneumoconiosis is more malignant: fibrogenic or non-fibrogenic?
Fibrogenic
91
Which irritants are more likely to be fibrogenic?
Silicone dioxide
Asbestos
Coal worker’s
Talc
92
Which irritants are more likely to be non-fibrogenic?
Barium
Iron
Carbon
Tin
93
Pleural plaquing is a sign of?
Asbestosis
94
Air between the pleura and chest wall is called?
Pneumothorax
95
What is another name for a pancoast tumor?
Superior sulcus tumor
96
Pleural effusion creeping up the chest wall between the pleura is called?
Meniscus sign
97
Cannonball metastasis to the lungs is via?
Hematogenous route
98
What does asbestos do to the pleura?
Causes pleural plaques or calcifications
99
Condition in which foreign substances are inhaled and stored in the lungs?
Pneumoconiosis
100
List the 2 categories of pneumoconiosis
Fibrogenic and non-fibrogenic
101
Do the S/S of fibrogenic pneumoconiosis leave after the objects are removed?
No
102
Do the S/S of non-fibrogenic pneumoconiosis leave after the objects are removed?
Yes
103
What type of pneumoconiosis is found in miners and rock drillers?
Silicosis
104
What type of pneumoconiosis is found in methadone abusers and Ritalin users?
Talcosis
105
Caplan’s syndrom is a combination of what 2 dz processes?
Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (black lung) and RA
106
What type of pneumoconiosis is found in metal workers, dental workers, and electronic workers?
Berylliosis
107
What type of pneumoconiosis is “egg shell calcification” found in?
Silicosis
108
What are the 3 x-ray signs of emphysema?
Thick pleura
Air fluid level
Pleural effusion
109
MC aspiration pneumonia in the Ohio Valley?
Histoplasmosis (Ohio Valley Fever)
110
Which lung infection, found in the American SW, is accompanied by fever and rash?
Coccidiomycosis (San Joaquin Valley Fever)
111
Chronic irreversible dilation of the bronchi?
Bronchiectasis
112
A __________ is a small local collection of air in visceral pleura.
Bleb
113
Chronic irreversible dilation of the distal airspaces?
Emphysema
114
What are the 4 MC lesions that develop in the anterior mediastinum?
T-Cell lymphoma
Thymoma
Teratoma
Substernal Thyroid mass
115
__________ are parenchymal collections of air d/t tissue destruction?
Bullae
116
Congenital bronchogenic cysts are located in the?
Mediastinum
117
What portion of the mediastinum would a teratoma be found in?
Anterior
118
Bullae are commonly seen in a patient suffering from?
Emphysema
119
Blunting of costophrenic angles are commonly caused by what 2 conditions?
Pleural effusion and emphysema
120
What is the MC pathology that develops from asbestosis in males?
Malignant mesothelioma
121
Pleural __________ is the MC lung deformation associated with asbestosis, hemithorax, and emphysema.
Fibrosis
122
What are the 4 types of emphysema?
Senile
Post-obstructive
Paracicatrical
Compensatory
123
Both blebs and bullae can lead to which lung pathology?
Pneumothorax
124
What are the 3 types of pneumothorax?
Spontaneous
Traumatic
Tension
125
What are the 3 MC radiographic features of emphysema?
Increased sagittal dimension of chest
Low, flat diaphragm
Pseudo-blunting of costophrenic angles
126
What is the MCC of unilateral hilar enlargement?
Bronchogenic carcinoma (neoplasm)
127
What is the anatomical division of the superior mediastinum considered to be?
Above the heart at T4
128
What structure anatomically divides the middle mediastinum?
Heart
129
At what spinal level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4-5
130
What are the 3 radiographic divisions of the mediastinum?
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
131
What are the anatomical divisions of the mediastinum?
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Superior
132
What is the best radiographic view to view a pneumothorax?
PA chest with expiration
133
What are the 3 MCC of granulomas?
TB
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiomycosis
134
The heart size/width should not exceed what?
Should not be greater than 1/2 of the transverse dimension of the chest
135
What is used to measure the left ventricle?
Rigler-Hoffman sign
136
What are the types of fibrogenic pneumoconiosis?
```
Asbestosis
Berylliosis
Silicosis
Coal Worker’s
Talcosis
```
137
Saprophytic fungus that abides in dirt but is often airborne and endemic in SW USA?
Coccidiomycosis
138
Bronchogenic cyst is MC found where?
Middle mediastinum
139
Disease endemic in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys?
Histoplasmosis
140
Radiographic view of choice to visualize the lung apices (for pancoast tumor/superior sulcus tumor)?
Apical lordotic
141
Occupational diseases that resulf from inhalation of organic debris?
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Fibrogenic pneumoconiosis
Non-fibrogenic pneumoconiosis
142
Visualization of air within the intrapulmonary airways is called?
Air bronchogram sign
143
If you find a solitary pulmonary nodule on a CXR and there is no visible calcification within it, what is your next step?
Look at old radiographs for comparison (or CT if no old x-rays available)
144
What is associated with San Joaquin Valley Fever?
Coccidiomycosis
145
What will most likely cause plaquing/calcification over the domes of the diaphragm?
Asbestosis
146
The MC route for the spread of metastatic lung dz?
Hematogenous
147
3 ways in which metastatic lung dz spreads?
Blood
Lymphatics
Direct extension
148
Chronic bronchitis from smoking causes recurrent inflammation, scarring and fibrosis:
Dirty chest
149
This type of bronchogenic carcinoma grows the quickest:
Large cell
150
The “shaggy heart sign” is best associated with?
Asbestosis
151
A 25% increase in diameter of a SPN within 1-18 months is suggest that:
Possible malignancy
152
Most common mass in the posterior mediastinum?
Neurological tumor
153
MC mass in the middle mediastunum?
Lymphoma
154
MC mass seen in the anterior mediastinum?
Substernal thyroid mass
155
A massive exposure to this would result in death within 5 years:
Silicon dioxide
156
A lymphoma with Reed-Sternburg cells that spreads from a lymph node into lung tissue by direct extension, and may have pleural effusion:
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
157
2 types of pneumoconiosis that are malignant:
Asbestosis and silicosis
158
Occupational dust of fiber exposure and rates of finding such as scarring, plaquing, tumors, etc according to size and location, based on PA chest radiographs is done by?
International Labor Organization (ILO) system
159
Siderosis is due to exposure of:
Iron oxide
160
Miners that are exposed to a form of sulfate:
Baritosis
161
The MCC of this condition is by way of bronchogenic carcinoma. It is commonly located in the distal long bone causing pain and clubbing.
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthopathy
162
Benign teratomas are diagnosed via this method?
CT Scan
163
Condition seen in adults that is from high doses of cortisone therapy, chemo, or myasthenia gravis?
Thymic hyperplasia
164
What are the terrible T’s?
Substernal Thyroid masses
T-cell lymphoma
Teratoma
Thymoma
165
The following would explain this radiographic finding: asthenic build, wasting from chronic dz, emphysema
Small cardiac silhouette
166
A contralateral shift of the mediastinum, depressed diaphragm and increased size of involved hemithorax is:
Complete pneumothorax
167
The imaging modality of choice for pericardial effusion:
Ultrasound
168
What are the 4 key signs of CHF?
Kerley’s lines
Fluid in fissures
Peribronchial cuffing
Pleural effusion
169
The following signs are consistent with which pattern of Pleural Effusion: fluffy, indistinct patchy airspace densities, bat/butterfly wing appearance?
Alveolar
170
The cause of pleural effusion that is prominent on the right with cephalization of blood flow, which appears as the Viking Horn Sign?
CHF
171
Congenital condition where the heart is located on the right side; it is a mirror image of a normal positioned heart?
Dextrocardia
172
Congenital syndrome d/t cilia dyskinesia which cause situs inversus, where all organs are reversed?
Kartagener’s Syndrome
173
What is the MC anterior mediastinal lesion?
Lymphoma
174
MC benign tumor of the uterus?
Uterine fibroma
175
Uterine fibroma AKA?
Leiomyoma
176
What are the S/S of a uterine fibroid tumor?
Prolonged bleeding
177
What does a uterine fibroid tumor look like on x-ray?
Popcorn/cauliflower calcification
178
Give 2 types of nephron calcinosis
Cortical and medullary
179
What is the cause of cortical nephron calcinosis?
Chronic glomerulonephritis
| Acute cortical nephrosis
180
Hyperparathyroidism is seen in what?
Medullary nephron calcinosis
181
What does medullary nephron calcinosis look like on x-ray?
Diffuse stippled calcification
182
What is the name of a cyst from 3 germ layers?
Ovarian dermoid
183
What are the 3 germ layers (teeth, fat, bone)?
Mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm (predominant)
184
What is the type of dermoid cyst with no teeth?
Teratoma
185
Vascular calcification is MC in whom?
Diabetics and elderly
186
If a vascular calcification is more than 3.8cm, what do you do?
Refer for ultrasound
187
What artery projects over the SI joints?
Iliac artery
188
What is the appearance of the splenic arteries?
Tortuous/ring-like
189
Renal arteries look?
Straight
190
Aneurysms of renal arteries look like?
Large rings
191
Calcified thrombi in veins are called?
Phleboliths
192
Where are phleboliths MC?
Lateral pelvic basin
193
Calcified lymph nodes are MC in what granulomatous dz?
TB
Sarcoidosis
Coccidiomycosis
Histoplasmosis
194
What is the appearance of calcified lymph nodes?
Mottles
195
What is the MC abdominal neoplasm of infancy and childhood?
Wilm’s Tumor
196
What is the MC benign renal tumor diagnosis on x-ray?
Angiomyolipoma
197
What is done first before fluoroscopy of the esophagus?
Scout study/KUB
198
What are the 4 points of narrowing of the esophagus?
Cricoid cartilage
Aortic arch
Crosses behind Lt main bronchus
Through diaphragm
199
Zenker’s diverticulum is seen at what level?
C5-7
200
MC hiatal hernia?
Sliding/axial
201
Air in the gallbladder wall secondary to infection?
Emphysematous cholecystitis
202
Phrygian cap is seen in the?
Gallbladder
203
Technique used to view the gallbladder?
Ultrasound
204
Normal size of the spleen is?
10-13cm
205
Maximum lateral measurement of the abdominal aorta before a referral is needed?
3.8cm
206
When a tube is stuck up the uretha and contrast is injected?
Retrograde urography
207
How do you measure the size of kidneys in kids?
Measure superior endplate of L1 to inferior endplate of L4 (Rt; +1cm for Lt)
208
Fetal lobulation is seen in the?
Kidney
209
Both kidneys on one side, ureters insert normally?
Cross fused renal ectopia
210
Superior or inferior poles of kidney connected by a fibrous band?
Horseshoe kidney
211
What percentage of kidney stones are seen on plain film?
90%
212
On an AP, where does the aorta project?
Left of midline
213
Arteries that appear tortuous and ring-like?
Splenic
214
3 or more air fluid levels are seen in?
Small bowel obstruction, viewed upright
215
Which view do you used for measuring AAA?
Lateral lumbar view
216
If you refer out for views, which imaging technique would you request for gallstones?
Ultrasound
217
MCC of small bowel obstruction?
Post-surgical adhesions
218
MCC of large bowel obstruction?
Colon cancer
| Diverticulitis
219
MC non-surgical cause of pneumobilia?
Biliary enteric fistulas
220
MC location of echinococcus granulosus (hydatid dz) tapeworm?
Liver
221
2nd MC location of echinococcus granulosus (hydatid dz) tapeworm?
Lung
222
MC gender to get gallstones?
Females
223
MC to get porcelain gallbladder and gallstone ileus?
Females, 50-70 yoa
224
MCC of chronic calcifying pancreatitis (pancreatic lithiasis)?
Alcoholism
225
MC abdominal vessel to calcify
Abdominal aorta
226
3rd MCC abdominal vessel to calcify?
Splenic artery
227
MC complaint of intact AAA?
Pain in back and abdomen
228
MC complaint of ruptured AAA?
Classic triad: hypotension, pulsatile mass, and back/abdominal pn
229
MC special imaging for ovaries and uterus?
Ultrasound
230
MC test if diverticulum is suspected in female urethra?
Voiding cystourethrogram
231
MC benign tumor of the kidneys?
Angiomyolipoma
232
MC renal fusion anomaly?
Horseshoe kidney
233
MC connection of horseshoe kidney?
```
Inferior poles (95%)
Males
```
234
MC renal calcification in females with recurrent UTI’s?
Staghorn caliculi
235
MC constituent of staghorn caliculi?
Struvite (calcium phosphate)
236
Characteristics of ovarian dermoid cysts?
May contain teeth, bones, fat
Marginal calcification
3 germ layers (endo, ecto, meso)
237
Name of view for supine abdomen?
KUB (kidney ureter bladder); aka Scout Study
238
What imaging contrast agent is used to see the esophagus?
Barium swallow
239
What is IVP/IVU?
Intravenous pyelography/intravenous urography
| Most basic radiographic study of urinary tract
240
Hepatomegaly is?
When the liver is >15mc at midclavicular line
241
Etiologies of pneumoperitoneum?
```
Perforated gastric/duodenal ulcer
Trauma
Ostomy bags
Laparoscopy
Perforation of carcinoma
Perforation of colonoscopy
```
242
Obstruction in the intestines by an ectopic gallstone is?
Gallstone ilues
243
What gallstones are seen on plain film?
Positive
244
What is commonly seen with stomach ulcers?
Hiatal hernia
245
MC mass calcification in the abdomen?
Calcified mesenteric lymph nodes
246
What special imaging is done for AAA?
Ultrasound
247
A measurement of _____ for AAA needs special imaging?
3.8cm
248
What type of calcification pattern are gallstones and kidney stones?
Concretions
249
What organ are the staghorn caliculi seen on?
Kidney
250
What calcification patter is normally seen in the pancreas?
Mass
251
What calcification pattern is seen with a uterine fibroid?
Cyst
252
Plain film flattening of air spaces with an upright view reveals multiple air fluid levels (3-4 or more) >2.5cm, inverted U dilated loops separated by thicker lines. What sign might you see?
String of Pearls sign
253
Plain film flattening of air spaces with a supine view reveals dilated loops >3cm separated by thin lines and may not see air in the large bowel. What sign might you see?
Step ladder appearance
| Stack of coins
254
__________ presents when all or part of the stomach herniated through the diaphragm in addition to a displaced magenblase.
Hiatal hernia
255
Name the 4 patterns of calcification.
Conduit
Concretion
Cyst
Mass
256
A thin shell of calcification is characteristic of this, though without calcification, a soft tissue mass may be seen?
AAA
257
AAA may cause an __________ abnormality, which also has the ability to affect the iliac arteries.
Oppenheimer erosion
258
Calcification of the gallbladder wall is know as?
Porcelain gallbladder
259
Echinococcus granulosus (aka hydatid/echinococcal cyst) is a type of?
Tapeworm
260
Echinococcus granulosus is an endemic worldwide in __________ areas.
Sheep raising
261
What is the MC site of echinococcus granulosus involvement seen on x-ray?
Spleen
262
A linear or track like calcification within channels that convey fluid?
Conduit
263
What is the MC location of conduit calcification?
Blood vessels
264
2nd MC location of conduit calcification?
Urinary tract
265
3rd MC location of conduit calcification?
Vas deferens
266
Tortuous blood vessel in LUQ at T12-L1 is the 3rd MC abdominal vessel to calcify. This is?
Splenic artery
267
2nd MC abdominal vessel to calcify?
Iliac artery
268
Laminar or lamellar calcifications that form within a duct, conduit, or hollow organ are?
Concretions (like gallstones or kidney stones)
269
_________ won’t show up on film and are primarily made of cholesterol?
Negative gallstones
270
Patients that present with this radiographic sign usually have chronic kidney infections.
Staghorn caliculi
271
What are the 4 characteristics of abdominal calcifications?
Popcorn or cauliflower like
Mottled or speckled
Coarse marginal rim
Cyst-like rim
272
MC type of gallstones?
Negative (85-90%)
273
MC part of thoracic aorta to have an aneurysm?
Descending
274
What type of calcification pattern is the splenic artery?
Conduit
275
Which radiographic view is used to measure the size of the abdominal aorta?
Lateral lumbar
276
The “dromedary hump” is a name of the shape given to what organ?
Left kidney
277
On a plain film radiograph, what is it called when the bile in the gallbladder is radiopaque and mimics contrast?
Milk of calcium bile
278
When elderly men get bladder stones, what is the underlying cause?
Urinary stasis
279
In regards to a “simple renal cyst”, all of the following are true:
It is present in approximately 50% of adults over 50 yoa
May have a peripheral rim of calcification
Most are asymptomatic
They contain serous fluid
False: 20% will transform into malignancy
280
In regards to an abdominal aortic aneuysm, what is the maximum normal measurement which you need to refer out to evaluate for an aneurysm?
3.8cm
281
If you suspect your patient has gallstones, which type of special imaging should you refer them out for?
Ultrasound
282
A non-pathological finding in which the kidney has many bumps on its surface?
Fetal lobulation
283
What is the name of the kidney anomaly in which the superior and inferior poles of both kidneys are connected together?
Calxed kidney/calyxed kidney/caked kidney
284
You see a radiopacity over the kidney shadows on an AP view and you see a kidney stone. Where should it appear on a lateral x-ray if it is a kidney stone?
Posteriorly in the soft tissues, b/c the kidneys are retroperitoneal
285
On a lateral cervical x-ray, where is the esophagus located?
Posterior to the trachea
286
Phleboliths are what type of calcification?
Concretion
287
Echinococcal cysts is what type of calcification?
Cyst
288
Splenic artery calcification is what type of calcification?
Conduit
289
Bladder calculi are what type of calcification?
Concretion
290
Pancreatic calcifications are what type of calcification?
Mass
291
Vas deferens calcification is what type of calcification?
Conduit
292
Disease endemic in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys:
Histoplasmosis
293
Radiographic view of choice to visualize the lung apices?
Apical lordotic
294
MCC of pleural effusion?
CHF
295
Pleural effusion on the right causes a shift to the?
Left
296
Pneumothorax on the right causes a shift of mediastinum to the?
Left
297
Radiographic view that best demonstrates pleural effusion?
Lateral decubitus
298
Two water densities in anatomical contact with each other and the border between them is seen on a PA chest x-ray is known as?
Silhouette sign
299
Occupational diseases that result from inhalation of organic debris, describes?
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
300
A pneumothorax will result in the structures being shifted toward the side of involvemnet. T/F
False
301
With complete atelectasis of a lung, the structures of the mediastinum will shift away from the side of involvement. T/F
False
302
The lingulas are part of which lobe of the lungs?
Left upper
303
Visualization of air within the intrapulmonary airways is called?
Air bronchogram sign
304
Eventration is anomalous development of the:
Diaphragm
| congenital weakening of diaphragm
305
If you find a solitary pulmonary nodule on a CXR and there is no visible calcification within it, what is your next step?
Look at old radiographs for comparison
306
Which one of the following is associated with San Joaquin Valley Fever?
Coccidiomycosis
307
What is the best chest radiographic view for visualizing a spontaneous pneumothorax?
PA chest with expiration
308
What is the most common benign tumor in the lung?
Hamartoma
309
What will most likely cause plaquing/calcification over the domes of the diaphragm?
Asbestosis
310
Approximately what percentage of kidney stones are NOT radiographic?
10%
311
What lobe of the lung is associated with the left costophrenic angle?
Left lower lobe
312
What lobe of the lung is associated with the right heart border?
Right middle lobe
313
What lobe of the lung is associated with the left heart border?
Left upper lobe
314
Which type of pneumonia will most commonly cause viral pneumonia?
Interstitial pneumonia (localized or general thickening)
315
What is the most common cause of a small bowel obstruction?
Post-surgical adhesion
316
What is the MCC of a large bowel obstruction?
Colon cancer
| Diverticulitis
317
In an 70yo woman, what is the probably etiology for an obstruction to the ileocecal valve?
Gallstone ileus
318
What two conditions make up Caplan’s Syndrome?
Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis and RA
319
The heart size/width should not be greater than _____ the overall transverse width of the chest cavity.
1/2
320
What does the Riegler-Hoffman method measure on a lateral CXR?
Enlargement of the left ventricle
| Riegler-Hoffman: Measure from IVC at diaphragm, 2 cm superior then 2 cm posterior
321
What is the most common anterior mediastinal lesion?
Lymphoma
322
What is the MC posterior mediastinal mass?
Neurological tumor
323
Kidney is located retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
324
Liver is located retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
325
Gallbladder is located retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Intraperitoneal
326
Which radiographic pattern of dz would a person with no bacterial pneumonia most likely have?
Interstitial
327
What is the MCC of unilateral hilar enlargement?
Bronchogenic carcinoma
328
What is the right diaphragm level upon full inspiration on AP view?
Posterior T10
329
What is the MC type of atelectasis?
Obstructive
330
What parenchymal dz has alveolar involvement?
Airspace pattern
331
What parenchymal dz has multifocal, patchy opacities?
Lobar/bronchopneumonia
332
MC granulamatous diseases?
TB
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiomycosis
333
What is the MC fungal dz in the USA?
Histoplasmosis
334
What are the indirect signs of lobar atelectasis?
Shift of structures
Overinflation of unaffected lobes/lung
Increased retrosternal clear space
Depression of hemidiaphragm on the unaffected side
335
What are the direct signs of lobar atelectasis?
```
Displacement of fissures in direction of the collapse
Increased density (more radiopaque)
```
336
Which type of pneumonia will MCC airspace pattern?
Lobar
337
Which type of pneumonial will MCC multifocal and patchy opacities?
Bronchpneumonia
338
Which type of pneumonia will MCC localized or general thickening?
Interstitial pneumonia
339
What is the MC tumor to arise in pleura?
Malignant mesothelioma
340
What is the MC tumor to erode through bronchial wall?
Bronchogenic carcinoma
341
What are the radiographic findings of emphysema on film?
Pleural effusion
Thick pleura
Air/fluid level
342
A bilateral depressed diaphragm indicates?
COPD
Bilateral pneumothorax
Asthenic/slender build
343
Modality of choice for bronchiectasis?
CT scan
344
Which fissure can you see on PA view?
Right minor fissure
| Right major on lateral view
345
Which accessory fissure MC occurs in the general public?
Inferior accessory lobe/fissure of right lung
346
What is the modality of choice for AAA?
Ultrasound
347
Which type of gallstone is MC?
Negative (85-90%)
348
Which type of esophageal diverticula is caused by fibrosis of pulling from the outside?
Traction
349
MC etiologies of large bowel obstruction?
Colon cancer
| Diverticulitis
350
MC site of involvement of echinococcus granulosis hydatic dz?
Liver
351
Best initial modality of choice for ovaries and uterus?
Ultrasound
352
MC benign uterine tumor?
Leiomyoma/uterine fibroid
353
Saprophytic fungus that abides in dirt but is often airborne and an endemic in SW USA?
Coccidiomycosis
354
Bronchogenic cyst is found in what area?
Middle mediastinum
355
What are the fibrogenic pneumoconiosis?
```
Asbestosis
Beryliosis
Silicosis
Coal worker’s
Talcosis
```
356
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from moldy sugar cane?
Bagassosis
357
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from bird excretions?
Bird fancier’s lung
358
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from moldy hay?
Farmer’s lung
359
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from redwood dust?
Sequoiosis
360
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from cotton dust?
Byssinosis
361
What study only shows the esophagus?
Barium swallow
362
What is a KUB?
A scout study of the abdomen
363
What is a non-fibrogenic pneumoconiosis?
Byssinosis
Bagassosis
(Extrinsic allergic alveolitis)
364
On a PA chest radiograph, how do you know you have adequate inspiration?
You can see the 10th posterior rib
365
Tumor in the pelvic basis that have teeth, hair, and fat/soft tissue?
Dermoid cyst
366
Superior, anterior, middle and posterior are what mediastinal divisions?
Anatomical
367
Staghorn calculi are?
Kidney stones
368
Direct signs of atelectasis?
Increased radiopacity
369
Normal sized adrenals with calcification?
Neonatal hemorrhage
370
MCC of pancreatic lithiasis?
Alcoholism
371
What is not a cause for opacified hemithorax?
Lobar pneumonia (complete)
