Exam 1 Flashcards by Jim connelly

Define Chemotaxis

process in which cells tend to move in a certain direction under stimulation of chemical substances

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Define Vaccination

procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity

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Define Immunology

the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body

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Define Opsonins

a substance in the blood serum that acts on microorganisms and other cells, facilitating phagocytosis

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Define Antibodies

factor in serum that are formed in response to foreign substance exposure plasma proteins

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Define Nonsusceptibility

admitting or capable of some specified treatment

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Define Natural Immunity

immunity that is nautrually existing, does not require prior sensitization to an antigen

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Define Immunity

the state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion

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Define Serology

is the scientific study of plasma serum and other bodily fluids

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Define Phagocytosis

is the process by which a cell, often a phagocyte of a protist, engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome

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Define Antigen

is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it

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Describe and give example of Active Immunity

a type of immunity or resistance developed in an organism by its own production of antibodies in response to an exposure to an antigen,pathogen, or a vaccine

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Describe and give an example of Passive Immunity

Natural transfer in vivo or colostrums

- Artificial infusion of serum or plasma

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Describe and give an example of Adoptive Immunity

transfer of Ag sensitive lymphocytes from an actively immunized donor to a nonimmune recipient. ex. transplant patient

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Give 4 Examples of Opsonions

CRP, complement components, antibodies(Igs), Mannose-Binding protein(MBP)

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Define Lymphokines

in product of T cell antigen recognition that regulates the functions of other cells and tissues

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What is an adjuvant

a substance that enhances the body’s immune response ,

extends the period of Ag exposure

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Define Immune Tolerance

is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen

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Explain where T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are modified and what type of immunity they are responsible for

T-cytes: come from the thymus

B-cytes: come from bone marrow

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Between T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes which one is the predominant type of lymphocyte in the blood

T- Cells

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Name 2 types of T-Cells

T Helper, T regulatory (cytotoxic cells)

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Which cell differentiate into plasma cells and what do they secrete

B-cells secrete Ab (humoral immunity)

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Describe primary and secondary immune responses

occurs when an individual first encounters a foreign Ag. Produces IgM and IgG
second and subsequent contact with the same Ag a much faster response occurs. Produces IgM same as in primary response but IgG reaches a much higher level

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Explain the role of memory cell

rapidly activated uppon secondary exposure

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Name the immunodeficiency disease where a decrease in Ig______ results in a greater susceptibility to infection

Acquired Agammaglobinemia | IgG

Briefly describe what happens in multiple myeloma

plasma cell tumors in the bone marrow that overproduce a single class of Ig. (usually IgG) monoclonal gammopathy

What immunoglobulin is overproduced

multiple myeloma

Which fragment directs biological activity

Which fragment possesses antigen binding ability

FAB

An Immunoglobulin light chain will occur as either ________ or ________ never both

- Kappa | - Lambda

Define Epitope

a small part of the antigen is actually recognized in an immune response

What is Epitope also know as

Determinant Site or Epitope

What molecular weight or more does an antigen have to be recognized

greater than 10000

List the proper sequence of the complement cascade in the classical pathway

C1 + calcium,C4,C2 + magnesium,C3,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9

What is meant by the Properdin Pathway

alternate pathway of complement activation

Which complement component is the Cytolytic component and which accelerates the process for rapid lysis

C8 | accelerates the process C9

Describe IgG

can pass through placenta, provides immunity for newborns, fixes complement, higher levels in secondary responses

Name 2 Immunoglobulins that can "Fix" complement

IgM and IgG

Which complement components are bypassed in the alternate pathway

C1, C4, C2

What is the third pathway to complement activation called? Is it antibody-dependent? What is its major constituent?

Lectin pathway - not antibody dependent - MBL (mannos binding lectin)

Which element holds together the C1 complement component?

Calcium

Which element is required for the C2 complement component to become involved in the cascade?

Magnesium

Which complement component is the most abundant?

Describe natural killer cells

Cytolytic rxs & kill target cells without prior exposure to them (Null Cells)

How many Fc fragments are needed to activate complement?

Name 2 ways to inactivate complement in a serum sample

heat to 56 C, age for a few weeks

What are heterophile antigens

are heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with antigen of the other

Define HLA antigens (Human Lykosite Antigen)

Ag found on all nucleated cells in the body that have a key role in the immune response

What is the system of genes that control the expression of HLA antigens

MHC (major histocompatabivility complex)

Describe Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia

IgM overproduction, non Hodgkin lymphoma that affects B cells

What are Haptens

substances that are antigenic only when coupled to a protein carrier

Describe Jenner's first contribution to immunology | Which phenomenon did it deomonstrate?

inoculated a boy with pus from a cowpox lesion after recovering he was infected with small pox but did not develop small pox. this demonstrated cross immunity

Metchnikoff is know for first describing what process in the immune response

phagocytosis

Describe Pasteur's work with the first attenuated vaccine

used older cultures to inoculate birds and gradually used more virulent cultures which had no effect on the birds

Name 5 ways the body has and uses its natural immunity

- inflammation: reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent - skin: keeps out microorganisms - phagocytosis: engulfment of cells - lactic acid secretions:maintains pH - lysozymes: attacks bacterial cell wall - Acute phase reactants

Define Lysozyme

in many secretions (tears, saliva) attacks bacterial cell wall especially gram positives

Is Lysozyme part of the external or internal defense mechanism

external

Describe the process of inflammation

increased blood supply to the area, WBC migration, appearance of acute phase reactants and increased capillary permeability -Visible reactions

What is a Phagolysosome

structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cells

At what point in phagocytosis is it formed

in the third step

Which of the white blood cells Is capable of further differentiation in the tissues

monocytes

Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent in the defense of the body against parasitic infections

esonofils

Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent against bacterial infection

neutrophils

Which of the white blood cells is the primary agent against viral infection

lymphocytes

how does normal flora work as a defense mechanism for the body

competes with pathogens for nutrients

What area is considered to be the equivalent, in humans, as the bursa of Fabricius in birds

bone marrow

Sheep red blood cells demonstrate Rosetting due to which T cell receptor

CD2

Which well-known acute phase reactant is a non-specific indicator of inflammation and is known to appear BEFORE antibodies

CRP

Which Class of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus selectively invade

B Cells

The CD4 antigen is found on which subset of T cells

Helper

Describe IgM

largest Ig, first Ab to appear after a primary antigenic stimulus, first Ab formed by infants, fixes complement, opsinon, neutralized toxin, Pentamater ( a J chain)

Describe IgA

main Ig in body secretions, confers immunity from mom to infant

Describe IgE

defends against parasitic infections and allergic reactions,capable of binding to receptors on mass cells and basiphils

Describe IgD

very little known about, may be responsible for B cell activation

Exam 1 Flashcards

(74 cards)