exam 1 Flashcards
(182 cards)
0
Q
disks shrink as they get older due to
A
“dehydration”
1
Q
cervical, thoracic, & lumbar vertebrae counts
A
7,12,5
2
Q
primary curve
A
convex, “C”shaped, occurs when in womb, “fetal position , kyphosis, occurs in thoracic region in adults
3
Q
Secondary curves
A
developed over time, develops first in neck, occurs in lumbar and cervical vertebrae , become lordotic curve, concave
4
Q
AP means
A
anterior posterior
5
Q
PA means
A
posterior to anterior
6
Q
Lateral means
A
away from midline
7
Q
Medial
A
midline of body
8
Q
ventral
A
front side
9
Q
dorsal
A
back side
10
Q
caudal
A
tail end/ proximal
11
Q
cephalad
A
towards the head
12
Q
superior
A
towards top
13
Q
inferior
A
towards bottom
14
Q
total number of disks in spine
A
23
15
Q
how much of our height is made up from the disks
A
25%
16
Q
why do we have curves in the spine
A
balance
strength
stress
function
17
Q
hyperkyphosis
A
too much curve, can also be for lordosis
18
Q
hypokyphosis
A
too little curve, ( can also be for lordosis)
19
Q
3 main structures of spine development
A
notochord, somites, sclerotomes
20
Q
notochord
A
pillar spine forms around, does NOT become the spine
21
Q
the notochord become the ____________ _____________.
A
nucleus pulposis
22
Q
the nucleus pulposis becomes part of the _______.
A
disks
23
Q
notochord is derived from the ________.
A
mesoderm
24
mesoderm
middle layer of germ cells
25
ectoderm
outside layer of germ cells
26
endoderm
inside layer of germ cells
27
somites are___________
paired blocks of mesoderm that lie on either side of the neural tube (42-44 total)
28
somites divide into 3 parts, they are __________,__________,& ________
dermatones, myotomes, and sclerotomes
29
dermatones
connective tissue and skin of the back
30
myotomes
muscles of back / axial skeleton
31
sclerotomes
bones of body/ spine. become vertebrae and ribs
32
sclerotomes are made from
mesenchymal tissue
33
mesenchyme tissue
gelatinous ground substance
34
intersegmental sclerotomes
muscles attach to 2 spinal levels. segments couldn't move if muscles didn't attach to at least 2 segments
35
how many directions does the growth of intersegmental sclerotomes occur
3
36
what are the 3 directions that intersegmental sclerotomes
medical
dorsally
anterolaterally
37
medial growth
surrounds notochord, forms membranous vertebral body
38
Dorsally Growth
surrounds neural tube , forms posterior arch
39
Anterolaterally growth
into space between myotomes, and forms costal processes (ribs and TP's)
40
anulus fibrosis
outer disc fibers
41
chondrification centers
4 total , 2 for vertebral bodies and 2 for posterior arch
42
synchondrosis
vertebral body and posterior arch DO NOT fuse until ossification process
43
9 secondary ossification center
```
1 -epiphyseal plate on cranial
1- epiphyseal plate on caudal
2- superior zygapophyseal process
2- inferior zygapophyseal process
2 - transverse processs
1 - spineous process
```
44
butterfly vertebrae
fissure forms in the middle due to being "squished"
45
Hemivertebrae
half a vertebrae
46
blocked vertebrae
non- segmented
47
spina bifida occula
spinal cord not attached correctly
48
cervical vertebral bodies are the ___________ in the spine
smallest
49
inferior endplates of cervical vertebral bodies are ___________ from AP and _________ side to side
concave
| convex
50
uncinate processes
occur in Cervical spine, "horns" on posterior -superior endplates
51
semilunar facets
on inferior endplates, articulates with uncinate processes
52
uncovertebral joint
stabilizes lateral flexion in the c- spine. joint between uncinate processes and semi-lunar facets
53
pedicles of cervical spine
small "stalk like" features that are circular, 45 degrees to sagittal plane, form bottom of IVF
54
Transverse process of cervical spine
half pipe shaped, used to hold nerve
55
TP angles of cervical spine
60 to sagittal and 15 to caudal
56
Articular process
between lamina and pedicle
57
facet joint angles in cervical spine
45 degrees with transverse plane
58
lamina of cervical spine
go from pedicles to spinous process, cross section appears oval
59
spinous process of Cervical spine
bifid, C2 has largest bifid in spine, slight downward angle relative to the vertebral bodies
60
central canal measures for C1,2,3,4-7
C1-16
C2-14
C3-13
C4-7 - 12
61
Torg's ratio
AP of central canal is 80% of AB vertebral body dimensions
62
stenosis
narrowing of central canal
63
C1
aka Atlas , atypical vertebrae, ring structure like "washer" allows for rotation, anterior and posterior arch with fovea dens
64
anterior arch
1/5 of the arch, with anterior tubercle
65
fovea dens
on C1, articulates with C2 odontiod process
66
lateral masses of C1
1/5 of arch, connects occiput to C2, concave, oval shaped that may be waisted, slope inward from lateral to medial, weight bearing portion
67
posterior arch
2/5 of arch, groove for veins, artery and nerve, has posterior tubercle
68
dens of C1 is located
anteriorly
69
cord of C1 is located
posteriorly
70
Transverse ligament of C1
divides into anterior(1/3) and posterior(2/3), used for stabilization of C1 and C2
71
C2
aka axis or Epistropheus, superior is atypical and inferior is typical, body is thicker bottom to top
72
Odontoid process
would have been body of C1, creates pivot point for C1, tapers at bottom from transverse ligament (most likely fracture point)
73
uncinate process of C2
inferior body and semilunar facets
74
Pedicles of C2
short and stout, notch inferiorly for IVFs, covered by superior facets
75
Lamina of C2
flat, largest in C-spine fuze centrally forming bifid of spinous process
76
Transverse processes of C2
not bifid like C3-7, smaller than C1, angle downward
77
Pars of C2
no Pillars, superior facets is anterior and inferior facets is posterior
78
Pars interarticularis
space between pars and facets
79
superior facets of C2
large round dome, face up and lateral
80
inferior facets of C2
face down and lateral
81
spinous process of C2
largest in C-spine, large and bulky, bifid, first C-spine that is palpatable
82
C7
aka vertebra prominens, TP's are 2nd largest in C-spine, no anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle is large, foramen is small inferior facets are wider and further apart
83
Kyphosis
primary curve of thoracic
84
vertebral body facets in T-spine
not in C-spine, demifacet is half a facet
85
how many facets per body in T-spine
6
86
SP imbrication
overlapping of the spinous processes in the T-spine
87
spinous processes if T- spine
angle downward, longest in spine (5-8)
88
foramina of T-spine
smallest IVFs and central canal in the spine
89
typical thoracic vertebrae
heart shaped, more rectangular in the beginning then becomes kidney bean shaped, lateral and anterior surfaces are concave
90
how many facets and processes are in a typical T- vertebrae
10, 7
91
typical thoracic vertebrae shape is ________ anteriorly by _______
shorter , 1-2 mm
92
pedicles of T-spine
notch inferiorly and project straight back
93
SAP and IAP of thoracic
thin, oval, project from pars
SAP - superior, posterior, and lateral
IAP - inferior, anterior, and medial
94
joint angle between SAP and IAP of T-spine
60 degrees from horizontal with superior being also 20 degrees lateral
95
lamina of T-spine
thick, broad, imbricated,
96
TPs of T-spine
originate at pars, decrease in size from 1-12, thick, "club like"
97
Sp of T-spine
imbricate from 5-8
98
Atypical T-spine #'s
T1, T9-12
99
T1
atypical, rectangular, full body facets, widest TPs, SP go straight dorsal
100
T9
atypical, largest demifacet, starting to become a full facet again
101
T10
no more demifacets, back to full facets, may or may not have costal facets on TPs
102
T11
costal facets on VB and pedicals, none on TPs, anticlinal SP
103
T12
costal facets on side and pedicle, hardly any on TP, SAP is typical, IAPs are round, convex, and face anterior and laterally
104
the spinal canal in the T- spine is smallest from
T4-9, round then become triangular closer to L-spine
105
ribs angle
inferiorly, greatest towards the bottom
106
Ribs 1-7
articulates with sternum via cartilage, 7th is the longest
107
Ribs 8-10
articulate indirectly with sternum via costal cartilage above the rib, decrease in length
108
Ribs 11-12
articulate with vertebrae only
109
costal cartilage
made of hyaline cartilage, flat (similar to ribs), calcifies
110
pectus excavatum
chest cavity
111
Lumbar spine
5 segments, no facets, lordotic curve, largest of the spine
112
V1-2 hight in L-spine
anterior is shorter than posterior
113
V4-5 height in L-spine
anterior height is taller than posterior height
114
Pedicles of L-spine differences
big and chunky, widest in L- spine, L1-2: extend directly backwards, L3-5 extend at 45 degree angle
115
Lamina of L-spine
short and broad, not imbricated
116
TP of L-spine
variable shape, largest at L3, project laterally and posteriorly
117
SP of L-spine
Large and thick, quadrangular in shape
118
facets of L-spine
```
superior: face posterior and medial
inferior anterior and lateral
90 degrees to horizontal
look like inverted J
start in sagittal plane and change to coronal towards bottom
```
119
facet asymmetry
aka facet tropism : one facet in coronal plane and other in sagittal plane
120
mammillary processes
L-spine only, extends posteriorly from SAP and is a point of contact when adjusting, attachment for ligaments and muscles
121
accessory processes
tiny, hard to detect, attachment site for MAL, on posterior TP base
122
pars interarticularis
isthmus of bone between SAP and IAP, SAP above, pedicle anteriorly, lamina posteriorly, IAP below at L1/2
123
L5
Atypical, shortest and widest segment, wedge shaped, taller anteriorly,
124
lateral recesse
space allowing for exit of nerve root, most pronounces at L5,
125
how many segments in pelvis
5, fuse when we become adults
126
sacral base
oval, faces anteriorly superior, 41 degrees +/- 7
127
anterior is __________, posterior is _________
concave, convex
128
superior articular process
concave, faces posterior and medial for stabilization
129
sacral ala
"wings", lateral to body, common site for fracture
130
anterior surface of sacrum
4 osseous ridges, 4 pair sacral foramina, arcuate lines, apex of sacrum
131
arcuate lines
roof of sacral foramina, smooth, not jagged
132
posterior surface of sacrum
rough and convex, 3-4 tubercles in middle, sacral hiatus and sacral cornu
133
sacral hiatus
no fusion of 5th lamina
134
sacral cornu
protuberances by sacral hiatus
135
sacral groove
fused lamina
136
lateral sacral crest
remanent TP fused together
137
lateral surface of sacrum
wider superiorly -> narrow inferiorly , transverse and costal remnants fuse, large articular surface
138
sacral canal
triangle shape, opens superiorly to inferiorly
139
coccyx
3-4 segments, oval shaped facets that articulate with sacrum attached with ligaments
140
transitional segment types
Lumbarization - S1 wants to be lumbar
sacralization- L5 wants to be sacral
occipitalization -C1 fuzed to occiput
141
transitional segments result in
altered biomechanics , Bertolotti's syndrome
142
pelvic girdle
2 innominates and 1 sacrum
143
the acetatabula is formed of 3 fused bones
ischium, illium, and pubis
144
ilium
iliac crest, wider up top, outer and inner lip, intermediate zone, S-shaped from above
145
anterior boarder of ilium
ASIS, AIIS, attachment site for sartorius and rectus femoris, ends on top boarder of acetabulum
146
avulsions
bone breaks, if bones avulse and is not caught it will bleed and blood can turn into bone---> irregular bone structure
147
posterior boarder of ilium
PSIS, PIIS, greater sciatic notch, merges with ischium just above ischial spine
148
intercrestal line occurs at _____ in males and ______ in females
L4, L5
149
medial surface of ilium
iliac fossa : anterior 2/3
| sacropelvic area: posterior 1/3
150
sacropelvis area of ilium
auricular surface, iliac tuberosity and pelvic surface
151
auricular surface of ilium
fits the auricular surface of sacrum
152
iliac tuberosity
rough area for attachment of sacroiliac ligaments
153
pelvic surface
below arcuate line, blends with iliopectineal line
154
iliac fossa anterior vs posterior
anterior: convex and large
posterior: concave and small
both are attachment site for ligaments and nutrient channel
155
lateral gluteal surface of ilium
anterior gluteal line: gluteus minimus (below) gluteus medius (above)
inferior gluteal line:poorly marked, Rectus femoris attaches below here
posterior gluteal line
156
ischium
body and ramus, broad column of bone, ischial spine
157
ischial spine
separates greater and lesser sciatic notch, sacrospinalis ligament attachment
158
ischial tuberosity
"sit bone" , biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosis
159
ramus
curves forward, connects with pubis
160
pubis
body, superior and inferior ramus
161
superior ramus
superior: continues with pectineal line, Pagets disease
162
pagets disease
superior ramus is thickened on one side and line disappears on the other side
163
symphysis
oval surface
164
pubic crest
upper boarder, pubic tubercle, inguinal ligament from ASIS
165
acetabulum
socket, triradiate cartilage, faces lateral, anterior, inferior , has margin and notch
166
Lunate surface of acetabulum
smooth outer surface
167
acetabular fossa
roughened inner circle of acetabulum
168
congenital hip dislocation
acetabulum does not form correctly
169
Diastisis
symphysis separation
170
obturator foramen
formed by ischium and pubis, triangular shape and smaller in women, large and oval in males, contains obturator membrane
171
obturator membrane
contains the obturator nerve and occludes majority of foramen
172
obturator canal
small opening in the obturator membrane that allows for vessels and nerve passage
173
iliac crest epiphysis
formed from 2ndary ossification centers, invisible growth center
174
ossification of iliac crest
starts at ASIS and ends PSIS, takes about a year to form, around adolescence
175
Risser's sign
classification for evaluating skeletal maturity, iliac crest divided into 4 quadrants
176
male vs female pelvis
Male: taller, larger, narrower
Female: shorter, wider, lighter
177
pelvic canals male vs females
males: narrower, V-shaped
females: wider, cylindrical shape
178
inferior pubic region males vs females
males: upside down martini glass
females: upside down "fish bowl" glass
179
pubic symphysis
grown together, pubic bone -> cartilage-> bone
180
superior pubic ligament
crosses pubic tubercles
181
arcuate pubic ligament
spans inferior rami
