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Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

non- structural scoliosis

A

curves change with body position, usually does not have segmental rotation, pain posture, doesn’t want to stand up

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1
Q

structural scoliosis

A

does not change with position, usually has segmental rotation

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2
Q

what type of scoliosis is most common

A

idiopathic

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3
Q

congenital scoliosis is

A

embryological malformation, associated with congenital anomalies of genitourinary system

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4
Q

why does idiopathic scoliosis occur

A

no idea, but 80% have it, if formed young it may resolve itself but as we get older need to keep an eye on it

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5
Q

what is the most common subtype of idiopathic scoliosis

A

adolescent females , right convexity is most common

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6
Q

heuter-volkmann principle

A

has to do with growth plates, tensile forces stimulate bone growth, compressive forces inhibit bone growth, VB wedge deformities

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7
Q

heuter vs wolfs

A

wolf has to do with stress/ bone density, NOT growth plates

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8
Q

neuromuscular scoliosis

A

long C shaped curve

polio, cerebral palsy, trauma, spinal cord tumor

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9
Q

osteoid ostemoa

A

benign bone tumor

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10
Q

scoliosis assessment

A 
in terms of degrees 
0-9: convexity
10-19: mild scoliosis 
20-29: moderate scoliosis
30-39:marked scoliosis
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11
Q

spondylosis

A

morbid state (-osis), very small spurring at anterior VB

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12
Q

spondylolysis

A

very common, many don’t know they have it, break in pars, can be unilateral or bilateral, mainly occurs from repetitive micro trauma aka stress fractures

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13
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

forward slip of VB, one main cause is a pars defects

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14
Q

reterolisthesis

A

backward slip

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15
Q

type 1 spondylolisthesis

A

dysplastic or congenital, spina bifida occulta, increased sacral base angle (41+/-7)

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16
Q

type 2 spondylolisthesis

A

only one that has subtypes, isthmic(lytic), defect in pars, common at L5
type A: stress fracture, most common
type B: elongated, stress fracture heals and becomes longer
type C: acute fracture, least likely, bad trauma

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17
Q

type 3 spondylolisthesis

A

degenerative, no breaks anywhere, facet joint degeneration allows vertebra to slip forward, common at L4

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18
Q

type 4 spondylolisthesis

A

traumatic spondy, fracture on posterior arch, anywhere except pars

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19
Q

type 5 spondylolisthesis

A

pathological, bone tumors-> fracture

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20
Q

type 6 spondylolisthesis

A

latrogenic

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21
Q

Newman or Wiltse classification system

A

type 1-6, based on cause and morphology

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22
Q

Meyerding classification system

A

grades 1-4, endplate of the level below the slip is used as reference point

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23
Q

what do you need for recovery of back muscles

A

proper strength and endurance rehab

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24
what are the muscle groups and where do they go
splenius - midline, up and lateral spinae - parallel to spine transversospinalis - lateral to midline segmental - one vertebral segment to the next
25
what are the 3 segmental muscles
interspinalis intertransversarii rotatores
26
interspinalis
connects one SP to the next intersegmental extension NOT at C1/2
27
intertransversarii
between TP | lateral flexion C1-T1, T10-S1
28
rotatores
from TP to SP base at the level above | segmental rotation
29
actions of segmental muscles
posture and intersegmental stability
30
transversospinalis muscles (2)
semispinalis | multifidus
31
semispinalis
divided into 3 groups thoracics - TP T7-12->upper thoracic and lower cervical SP cervicis - TP T5-6-> C2-5 SP (thicker than thoracics capitus - TP T1-6 and C4-7 AP ->between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occiput action: extension (bilateral), lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
32
multifidus
posterior sacrum, PSIS -> SP 2-4 segments above | bilateral extension and rotation to opposite side
33
muscles of erector spinae group (3)
``` iliocostalis longissimus spinalis largest group of back vertical orientation with bilateral extension and unilateral lateral flexion to ipsilateral side ```
34
iliocostalis
most lateral, 3 groups, bilateral extension, unilateral lateral flexion lumborum - T/L aponeurosis -> underside of ribs 6-12 does deep inspiration and ipsilateral lateral flexion thoracis - upper boarder ribs 7-12-> lower boarder ribs 1-6 and C7 TP cervicis - upper boarder ribs 3-6 -> posterior tubercles C4-6
35
longissimus
3 groups, extension and lateral flexion thoracis: T/L aponeurosis -> ribs 3-12 and thoracic TP cervicis: T1-4 TP -> C2-6 posterior tubercles capitus: T1-5 TP and C4-7 articular pillars -> posterior mastoids (turn face ipsilateral)
36
spinalis
smallest and most medial group, poorly defined throacis: T11-12 SP->T4-12 SP cervicis: C7 SP and lower nuchal ligament capitus: C4-7 articullar pillars ->between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occiput
37
muscles of splenius group (2)
most superficial splenius cervicis splenius capitus
38
splenius cervicis
T3-6 SP -> C1-3 posterior tubercles bilateral extension unilateral rotation of head to ipsilateral side
39
splenius capitis
C7-T3 SP and nuchal ligament-> mastoid process/ below superior nuchal line of occiput
40
subocciptal muscles (4)
``` rectus capitus posterior major rectus capitus posterior minor oblique capitus inferior oblique capitus superior connect and move atlas,axis and occiput bilateral: extension unilateral: lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation ```
41
rectus capitus posterior major
triangle shape | C2 SP -> lateral aspect nuchal line
42
rectus capitus posterior minor
posterior tubercle C1-> medial aspect of inferiror nuchal line head extension only , homologous to interspinalis
43
oblique capitus inferior
C2 SP-> C1 TP DOES NOT TOUCH OCCIPUT head rotation only, laterally
44
oblique capitus superior
C1TP-> lateral aspect of occiput between S and I nuchal line
45
what goes through the suboccipital triangle
vertebral artery, greater occipital nerve, inferior occipital nerve
46
sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
manubrium; medial clavical-> mastoid process bilateral: head extension and neck flexion unilateral: contralateral rotation of head
47
torticollis
associated with SCM, it spases and cannot straighten neck
48
levator scapula
TP of C1 and posterior tubercles C2-4 -> superior angle scapla, medial boarder and spine of scapula bilateral: neck extension unilateral: rotates and laterally flex to ipsilateral side or elevates and rotates scapula downward
49
scalenes
deep to SCM anterior, middle and posterior bilateral : raise 1st and 2nd ribs with FORCED inspiration or neck flexion unilateral: lateral flexion of neck
50
anterior scalene
anterior tubercle of C3-6 TP -> scalene tubercle of 1st rib
51
middle scalene
longest scalene posterior tubercle C3-7 TP and C2 TP -> 1st rib, posterior to anterior scalene subclavian artery and a portion of the brachial plexus pass between anterior and middle scalene ( thoracic outlet syndrome )
52
posterior scalene
smallest and deepest | posterior tubercle C4-6 TP ->2nd rib
53
deep anterior neck muscles (4)
longus coli longus capitis rectus capitis anterior rectus capitis lateralis
54
longus coli
deepest anterior muscle upper: TP C2-5 -> anterior tubercle C1 vertical: anterior and lateral surfaces of C5-T2 VB-> anterior surface C2-4 VB lower: anterior and lateral surface T1-2 VB -> TP C5-6 action: neck flexion
55
HADD
``` hydroxy apatite crystal deposition disease don't know why people get it longus coli involved extra stuff up by anterior arch C1 also seen in supraspinatus of shoulder ```
56
longus capitis
anterior tubercle of C6-> basilar portion of occiput | neck and head flexion
57
rectus capitis anterior
anterior surface of lateral mass of C1 and root of C1-> basilar portion of occiput flexion of head
58
rectus capitis lateralis
TP C1-> jugular process of occiput | lateral flexion of head to ipsilateral side
59
osteoblasts
reside of surface of bone, form new bone, secretes ostoid
60
osteocytes
used to bed osteoblasts, became encased in osteoid, communicate through canaliculi, aid in Wolfs law, mature bone
61
osteoclasts
break down bone in response to hormone stimulation | regulate serum levels of calcium and phosphorus
62
osteoid
made from collagen
63
cortex
outer layer of an organ or other structure
64
trabeculae
anastomosing bone spicules in cancellous bone which forms mesh work of intercommunicating spaces that are filled with bone marrow
65
wolffs law
deposition of bone is directly proportionate to mechanical stress
66
parathyroid hormone
secreted by parathyroid gland influences calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone formation if levels are too low then they stimulate osteoclasts to breakdown bone
67
bone mineral density
test that measures the density of minerals in your bone
68
homeostasis
ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
69
Quadratus lumborum
posterior iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament -> TP of L1-4 and 12 rib unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion when hip is flexed, elevates pelvis on same side when spine is flexed bilateral: stabilizes spine and assists in expiration and inspiration
70
psoas major
TP and lateral VB/ IVD from T12-L5-> lesser trochanter of femur flex and ext rotation of femur flexion of lumbar spine contributes to lordosis
71
psoas minor
lateral aspectT12 VB-> iliopectineal eminence does not cross hip lumbar flexion
72
iliacus
iliac fossa-> lesser trochanter (blends with psoas major ) | hip flexion and external rotation
73
fatty degeneration
linked to low back pain, muscles conver to fat
74
compartment syndrome
acute injury to muscle or muscle sheaths
75
deconditioned back syndrome
linked to fatty degeneration

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