Exam 1 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What organisms make up the domain?
A
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Archaea
2
Q
What organisms make up the kingdom?
A
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, anamalia
3
Q
What are the cytoplasmic granules of prokarya, eukarya, and archaea?
A
Prokarya- 70s ribosomes
Eukarya- 80s ribosomes
Archaea- 80s ribosomes
4
Q
Prokarya may have non-membrane bound organelles? What are they?
A
ribosomes or inclusions
5
Q
Coccus shape?
A
sphere
6
Q
Bacillius shape?
A
rod
7
Q
Vibrio shape?
A
comma (curved or bent rod)
8
Q
Spirillium shape?
A
gentle twist
9
Q
Spirochete shape?
A
tight corkscrew type of twist
10
Q
Filamentous shape?
A
branching
11
Q
What organism shapes can be in a “single” arrangement?
A
Vibrio
Spirillium
Spirochete
Filamentous
12
Q
What organism shapes can be in a “diplo” arrangement?
A
Coccus
Bacillus
13
Q
What organism shapes can be in a “tetrad” arrangement?
A
Coccus
14
Q
What organism shapes can be in a “strepto” arrangement?
A
Coccus
Bacillus
15
Q
What organism shapes can be in a “sarcinae” arrangement?
A
Coccus
16
Q
What organism shapes can be in a “staphylo” arrangement?
A
Coccus
17
Q
What are the external appendages of prokaryotes?
A
Appendages:
Flagella
Pili
Fimbriae
18
Q
What are the functions of a prokaryote’s glycocalyx
A
If dry- protections
If wet- becomes slimy for adhesive function
19
Q
What makes up a prokaryote cell wall?
A
Phospholipids
Fats
Proteins
20
Q
What consists of a prokaryote internally?
A
Cytoplasm RIbosomes Inclusions Nucleoid, chromosome Actin cytoskeleton Endospore
21
Q
Define the term taxis.
A
to move
22
Q
Define “chemotaxis.”
A
movement towards or away from a chemical
23
Q
Define “phototaxis.”
A
movement towards or away a light
24
Q
What is the function of a pili of a prokaryote externally?
A
Attachment
-generally for mating to exchange genetic material
25
What environment do fimbriae tend to be present in?
mucous environment
26
What is the function of the glycocalyx?
Slime -ahesion of bacteria to smooth surface
Capsule-good in areas of high immune system efficiency, tighter/denser/thicker than slime layer making it unable to strain
27
What are the 4 cell wall classifications?
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Acid-fast
No cell wall
28
What are the requirements for a "gram positive" vs. a "gram negative" cell wall?
```
GRAM POSITIVE:
-Plasma membrane
-SMALL periplasmic space (outside P.M and inside peptidoglycan)
-THICK peptidoglycan (20-80 nm)
GRAM NEGATIVE:
-Plasma membrane
-LARGE periplasmic space
-THIN peptidoglycan (1-3 nm)
-Outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin)
```
29
What gives a prokaryote its rigid/hard cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
30
What type of cell wall would a coccus shaped microbe have
Gram Postive
31
What type of cell wall would a bacillus shaped microbe have
If small- Gram negative
| If large- Gram positive
32
What are the non-typical cell walls and their requirements?
```
ACID-FAST:
-Peptidoglycan
-THICK layer of mycolic acid
NO CELL WALL:
-Lacks cell wall
```
33
What is released when a cell is killed, where is it present in the cell,?
Lipopolysaccaride/endotoxin is present in the cell wall
34
What is mycolic acid?
Dense wax
35
Gram positive organisms produce _______, and gram negative organisms produce _______.
Gram positive- exotoxins
| Gram Negative- endotoxins
36
Who created "cell theory?" When?
Robert Hook 1665
37
Who created the microscope? When?
Antoine Vanleeuwenhoek 1674
38
Who studied spontaneous generation using dish with meat getting maggots, bowls of liquid, and goose necked flask?
Francis Redi- meat and maggots
Louis Jablot- bowls of liquid
Louis Pasteur- goose neck flask
39
Who created "germ theory of disease?" When?
Robert Koch 1875
40
Who created aspeptic technique?
Joseph Lister (from Robert Semmelweis OBGYN)
41
Name 2 species of acid fast cell walls.
Nocardia spp
| Mycobacterium spp
42
Name 2 species of a "no cell wall" microbe.
Mycoplasma pneumonia
| Ureaplasma
43
A "no cell wall" microbe have no cell wall but still contain ________?
plsasma membrane
44
"Strepto" signifies what arrangement?
chain
45
"Sarcinae" signifies what arrangement?
8/16/32 cube
46
Describe a bacterial chromosome.
double stranded, single chromosome, circular, undergo transcription, and translation
47
What is the function of an endospore?
Function:
Reproduce structure
Adverse condition
48
What is the function of inclusions?
Food storage
| Debris storage
49
Give examples of bacteria that contain endospores due to adverse conditions.
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Bacillus anthracis
50
Name some unusual bacteria and what makes them unusual.
Pleomorphic- change shape
Obligate- must live in host cell (in cytosol)
Cyanobacteria- blue green photosynthetic
Green and purple sulfur bacteria- absorb other wavelengths of light, live in sulfur springs & swamps
51
To which kingdom do archaea belong?
Archaebacteria
52
Growth of bacteria will undergo _________. However will partake in ________.
Mitosis meiosis
| binary fission
53
What is the time and number ration of bacterial growth?
Double every 20 (E. coli) minutes to 18 hours (M. tuberculosis)
54
Bacteria do not undergo mitosis or meiosis, but still undergo what process?
DNA replication
55
What are the requirements for binary fission?
One parent cell
Two equal daughter cells (in size and genetic makeup)
Genome identical to parent
No cycle of reproduction
56
What are the requirements for binary fission?
One parent cell
One or more than one unequal sized daughter cells
Genome identical to parent
No cycle of reproduction
57
What does salinity refer to?
salt
58
Name 5 extreme conditions that may trigger spore formation?
```
O2 content
Temperature
Salinity
Nutrient Source
Waste Removal
```
59
What two genus are endospores typically associated with?
Bacillus
| Clostridium
60
What genus form central and terminal endospores?
Bacillus- central endospores
| Clostridium- terminal endospores
61
Give two examples of obligate intracellular parasites.
Chlamydia spp
| Pasmodium vivax
62
How do bacteria divide?
Binary Fission
| Budding
63
What genus are spores particularly associated with and name examples of each?
```
Bacillis:
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium:
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
```
64
Which of the bacterial endospores and fungal spores are grown as singular or multiples.
Bacteria- singular
| Fungal- multiples
65
Where are endospores formed in bacteria?
Inside parent cell
66
What are vegetative cells?
Living cells producing spores and going through binary fission
67
Can bacterial spores divide?
NO
68
What is the difference between sporulation and germination?
Sporulation- formation of unactive spore
| Germination- formation of new cell from spore (occurs when spore goes into vegetative state)
69
How is DNA replicated?
-Forms long axial nucleoid
-The 2 DNAs separate (spore DNA will direct spore formation)
-RNA and PRO mol. gather around spore DNA to make CORE
-
70
What is the bacterial core in sporulation and what does it consist of?
Essntally structure of gathered RNA and PRO mol around spore DNA
- consists of dipicolinic acid and Ca ions
- Endospore septum grows (P.M. but no cell wall)
71
What does the bacterial core in sporulation assist in?
heat resistance
72
What is the endospore septum?
Plasma membrane but with no cell wall
73
What is the cortex of bacterial endospre?
Double membrane with secreted peptidoglycan between layers
74
What is the spore coat
Protein like keratin around cortex
75
What is the exosporium?
Lipid protein membrane laid down outside of spore coat
76
How long does sporulation take in the lab?
7 hours
77
How many stages are in germination?
3 stages
78
Name and describe the stages of germination.
ACTIVATION:
-damages coat
GERMINATION PROPER:
-AA or inorganic ions penetrate damaged coat
-Cortical peptidoglycan broken down and core takes in water ultimately losing resistance to heat and staining
OUTGROWTH:
-Proteins and RNA are synthesiezed in about hour
-DNA synthesis begins and binary fission of vegeative cell
79
Germination proper is from ______ state to _____ state.
Resting state to vegetative sate
80
What does endospore need to be exposed to to initiate activation stage of germination?
Water
81
What forms a bacterial cyst?
Bacteria Azotobacter
82
What are cyst?
- Thick walled cells
| - Similar to endospores except lack dipicolinic acid and have limited resistance to high temperatures
83
What is conida?
- Chains of aeiral spores with thick outer walls
| - Not resisant to heat or drying
84
Name 3 bacterial reproductive structures.
Endospore
Cyst
Conidia
85
What are conidia used for?
Moving to distant environments (like seeds of dandelion)
86
Define a detritovore and what kingdom may be one.
- Eat waste
| - Fungi
87
Define Omnivore.
Eat anything
88
Define "-troph."
Nutrition
89
What is a Psychophile.
Like cold
90
What is a Mesophile.
-Anything that affects a human
91
What is another name for an alkalinophile?
Basophile
92
What is a barrophile?
Like pressure
93
What is an "obligate" referring to requirements of life?
-Something obligated to live one way otherwise would die
94
What is an "faculative" referring to requirements of life?
-Something able to live either/or but prefers one over other
95
What is an "microaerophile" referring to requirements of life?
-Likes small amount of O2
96
What is an "aerotolerant" referring to requirements of life?
Doesnt want or need O2 but tolerates it
97
Define "parasitism."
One helped, one harmed
98
Define "mutualism."
Two helped
99
Define "commensalism."
One helped, but other not helped or harmed
100
Define "antagonism."
Both harmed
101
What is a profusion system?
Proces of ridding of waste and adding nutrients to continue the plateau phase of the bacterial growth curve
102
Name and describe the different "genetic recombination" terms
```
Recombination:
-combining of 2 different cells
-resulting cell is "recombinant"
VERTICAL GENE TRANSFER:
-genes form parents to offspring
-eukaryotes via meiosis (sexual) and prokaryotes via binary fission (asexual)
LATERAL/HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER:
-passing genes to other microbes of same generation
```
103
Can you change the the passed genetic makeup of parents in vertical gene transfer? If so, how?
Mutation
104
What are the requirements of "transformation" of bacterial genetic recombination?
- Bacterium
- "Free flowing" DNA (not part of nucleus)
- Competence factor
105
What are the requirements of "conjugation" of bacterial genetic recombination?
- 2 Bacterium
- Plasmid
- F-pilus
106
What are the requirements of "transduction" of bacterial genetic recombination?
- Bacterium
| - Bacteriophage
107
What are the requirements of "mutation" of bacterial genetic recombination?
- Bacterium
| - Mutagen or sponaneity
108
What is a bacteriophage?
Virus that affects a bacterium
109
What is a "competence factor" of transformation and where is it found?
- Protein released by cell to facilitate entry of naked DNA into new host cell
- allows small amount of donor DNA to be incorporated into host
110
What is an "f-pilus?" structurally and functionally
- Hollow tube that connect bacteria in conjugation
| - Allows plasmid passage from 1 bacterium to another
111
What has has receptors to bring DNA into a cell and enzymes to cut and paste DNA into host cell?
Competence factor of transformation
112
What are the requirements of cells to become competent?
- Receptors
- Cell walls
- Exonuclease
113
What is one major difference between transformation and conjugation?
-Conjugation transfers a much larger DNA quantity (occasionally whole chromosomes)
114
Structurally what are plasmids?
Small, extra-chromosomal DNA
115
Plasmids are transmissible with genes making the capable of what?
- Copying themselves
- Creating an f-pilus
- Secreting a PRO that causes other cell to mate with them
116
Which of the two cells is the f-pilus contained in?
Donor cell.
117
What are two ways transduction can occur?
- Phage/viral DNA is incorporated into host bacterial DNA
| - Bacterial DNA is incorporated into new viruses
118
What process allows for microbe evolution?
Transduction
119
What is substratum?
Tissue the fungi is growing on (Mycelial cells digest this)
