Exam 1 Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
Physiology literally means
A
“Knowledge of nature”
2
Q
_________ used the term physiology to refer to the healing power of nature.
A
Hipppocrates used the term physiology to refer to the healing power of nature.
3
Q
Hippocrates is considered the “father of _______”
A
Hippocrates is considered the “father of medicine”
4
Q
___________ is defined as the branch of biology that deals with the functioning of living organisms
A
Physiology is defined as the branch of biology that deals with the functioning of living organisms
5
Q
Physiology is defined as the branch of __________ that deals with the _________of _______ ____________
A
Physiology is defined as the branch of biology that deals with the functioning of living organisms
6
Q
Neurophysiology is the study of the function of the _________ system
A
Neurophysiology is the study of the function of the nervous system
7
Q
______________ is the study of the function of the nervous system
A
Neurophysiology is the study of the function of the nervous system
8
Q
Which branch of physiology studies the function of the heart and blood vessels?
A
Cardiovascular physiology studies the function of the heart and blood vessels
9
Q
_____________ studies the disease states in the functioning of organs and organ systems
A
Pathophysiology studies the disease states in the functioning of organs and organ systems
10
Q
Which branch of physiology studies the disease states in the functioning of organs and organ systems?
A
Pathophysiology studies the disease states in the functioning of organs and organ systems
11
Q
__________ studies the structures of living organisms while __________ studies the functions of those structures
A
Anatomy studies the structures of living organisms while Physiology studies the functions of those structures
12
Q
__________ ___________ is the language used to describe the function of the body and its parts in health and disease
A
Medical Terminology is the language used to describe the function of the body and its parts in health and disease
13
Q
__________ literally means “unchanging”
A
Homeostasis literally means “unchanging”
14
Q
__________ refers to a state of changing (_________) balance (____________)
A
Homeostasis refers to a state of changing (dynamic) balance (equilibrium)
15
Q
Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s __________ environment due to constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
A
Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
16
Q
__________ equilibrium is the balanced change around a set point, which is the average value of a given condition.
A
Dynamic equilibrium is the balanced change around a set point, which is the average value of a given condition.
17
Q
___________ serves as the central foundation of all anatomy/physiology
A
Homeostasis serves as the central foundation of all anatomy/physiology
18
Q
The maintenance of homeostasis is known as ______________ ___________
A
The maintenance of homeostasis is known as Homeostatic Regulation
19
Q
A __________ perceives changes in the environment
A
A Receptor perceives changes in the environment
20
Q
What is the name of the part of homeostatic regulation that processes the receptor information and decides what to do about it?
A
The Control Center is the part of homeostatic regulation that processes the receptor information and decides what to do about it.
21
Q
What is the name of the part of homeostatic regulation that makes the necessary changes?
A
The Effector is the part of homeostatic regulation that makes the necessary changes.
22
Q
What is the name of the process when the body opposes a change?
A
Negative Feedback is when the body opposes a change
23
Q
If a person’s body temperature rises too high, the person will sweat. What is this process of homeostatic regulation called?
A
Negative Feedback, the body opposes the temperature increase by sweating; the body strives to maintain homeostasis.
24
Q
What is the name of the process when the body increases the response of a change?
A
Positive Feedback is when the body increases the response of a change in the same direction.
25
Refers to any disturbance in homeostasis, which often results in a diseased state.
Homeostatic imbalance
26
What are the Levels of Structural Organization?
1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. System Level
6. Organismal Level
27
Everything in the body relies on this level of organization.
Everything in the body relies on the Chemical Level of organization in the body.
28
Serve as the building blocks of all matter
Atoms
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What is the name for the TYPE of the smaller particles that make up atoms?
Subatomic particles
30
The simplest kinds of matter
Elements
31
The number of protons determines which type of _________ an atom represents.
The number of protons determines which type of Element an atom represents.
32
When 2 or more atoms share electrons and join (bond).
Molecule
33
The most important kind of molecule in physiology, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Biomolecules
34
Term used to describe any molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon.
Organic Molecule is the term used to describe any molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon.
35
Type of molecules that are associated with living things, contain hydrogen and carbon, and fall into 1 of 4 categories.
Organic Molecules are associated with living things, contain hydrogen and carbon, and fall into 1 of 4 categories.
36
These organic molecules consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates
37
All living cells use this carbohydrate for energy.
All living cells use the carbohydrate Glucose for energy.
38
These types of carbohydrates are referred to as simple carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides are types of carbohydrates that are referred to as simple carbohydrates.
39
These types of carbohydrates are referred to as complex carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides are types of carbohydrates that are referred to as complex carbohydrates.
40
These organic molecules are similar to carbs and contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Lipids are organic molecules that are similar to carbs and contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
41
What is the name of the simple, 3-carbon molecule that lipids contain?
Lipids contain a simple, 3-carbon molecule called Glycerol .
42
Longer, more complex molecule that lipids contain
Lipids contain a longer, more complex molecule called fatty acids.
43
Lipids that turn solid at room temperature.
Fats
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Lipids that become liquid at room temperature.
Oils
45
Lipids have a balanced electric charge at each end, said to be __________.
If lipids have a balanced electric charge at each end, they are said to be Nonpolar.
46
If molecules have an unbalanced electric charge at each end, they are said to be __________.
If molecules have an unbalanced electric charge at each end, they are said to be Polar.
47
Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Proteins
48
Organic molecules that help regulate cell function make up part of the blood, help muscles contract, and work as enzymes to speed up/slow down chemical reaction.
Proteins
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Building blocks of proteins
Amino Acids
50
Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Nucleic Acids
51
Largest molecules in the human body.
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids contain these 2 major classes of molecules.
DNA and RNA
53
This molecule makes up genetic material (genes), of the cell; found in the cell's nucleus.
DNA
54
Contains instructions for building all proteins and therefore controls protein synthesis and activities in the human body.
DNA
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Carries out all of the orders that the DNA gives to build new proteins.
RNA
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Building blocks of all living things
Cells
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The 3 main parts of a cell
1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Plasma Membrane
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Control center of a cell
Nucleus
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The 3 structures of the nucleus.
1. Nuclear envelope
2. Nucleoli
3. Chromatin
60
Part of the cell that contains genetic material (nucleic acids) of the cell and determines the kinds/amounts of proteins that the cell will make
Nucleus
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Protective envelope surrounding the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
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Small sacs of protein and nucleic acids found within a cell
Nucleoli
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Complex of DNA and proteins that make up the chromosomes before cell division.
Chromatin
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Fluid part of the cell inside of the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
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3 main structures of the Cytoplasm.
1. Cytosol
2. Inclusions
3. Organelles
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Fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
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Everything in the cytosol that is not an organelle, such as glycogen, pigments, stored nutrients, and waste products.
Inclusions
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"Machinery" of the cell that accomplishes the cell's jobs.
Organelles
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Outer envelope of the cell
Plasma membrane
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Plays important role of keeping cell separate from its external environment.
Plasma membrane
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Determines what materials move into/out of the cell
Plasma membrane
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Model that is used to describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
Fluid mosaic model
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Model that portrays the plasma membrane as a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids that also contain proteins.
Fluid mosaic model
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Water-loving
Hyrdophilic heads
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Water-fearing
Hydrophobic tails
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Movement of substances through the cell membrane
Membrane transport
77
Passive movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration; does not require energy
Diffusion
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Small, fat-soluble molecules can move directly through the membrane by dissolving in the phospholipid bilayer via this process.
Diffusion
79
During osmosis, water diffuses directly through ___________ ________.
Membrane pores
80
Movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration to even out concentrations on both sides of the membrane
Osmosis
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Movement through a membrane due to fluid pressure
Filtration
82
Small particles are forced out through pores in the membrane via pressure differences.
Filtration
83
Requires energy to actively move large or insoluble substances from one side of the membrane to the other
Active Transport
84
A protein in the membrane provides a transport channel for substances to move through
Active Transport
85
Literally means "little organ"
Organelles
86
Located internally to the cell and each perform a specific job that keeps the cell functioning well
Organelles
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Produces ATP, which is the energy needed to power cell functions; often called the power plants of the cell
Mitochondrion
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Sites of protein synthesis; makes proteins for use within the cell, for export to the cell membrane, or out of the cell entirely
Ribosomes
89
A series of interconnected tubes throughout the cytosol that transport proteins to other sites in the cell after the ribosomes have constructed the proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
90
Synthesizes lipids and steroids; also plays a role in fat metabolism and drug detoxification.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
91
Packages proteins for export out of the cell, modifies proteins that will become part of the cell’s membrane, and packages enzymes and lysosomes for use in the cell
Gogli Apparatus
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Digests unnecessary materials inside the cell, such as worn-out organelles
Lysosomes
93
Protects the cell from toxic materials and free radicals by breaking them down into hydrogen peroxide and then water
Peroxisome
94
Framework of the cell; assists in transport, cell structure, and cell motility.
Cytoskeleton
95
Cells that destroy invading bacteria in the body
Phagocytes
96
Receptors send out which type of information?
Receptors (sensors) send out the Input information that is interpreted by the integrating center.
97
Main integrating center of the human body. It interprets the input information received from the receptors (sensors), and then processes it by deciding what type of output signal should be sent.
The Brain
98
The output signal generally will be sent as an _________ _________ (nerve impulse) or as the release of hormone(s).
The output signal generally will be sent as an Action Potential (nerve impulse) or as the release of hormone(s).
99
The process of digesting food is an example of which type of reaction?
Decomposition
100
Involves the breaking down of large complex molecules into simpler ones that can be absorbed by the organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
Digestion
101
Class of reactions that involve the breaking down of larger molecules into simpler ones.
Decomposition reactions
102
A neutral atom with an atomic mass of 12 and an atomic number of 6 would have how many electrons?
6
103
The atomic number represents the number of _______ in the nucleus of an atom.
The atomic number represents the number of Protons in the nucleus of an atom.
104
In a neutral atom, the number of protons, which are __________ charged, are _________ to the number of electrons, which are __________ charged
In a neutral atom, the number of protons, which are Positively charged, are Equal to the number of electrons, which are Negatively charged
105
Ions are atoms that carry a charge due to an unequal number of........
Protons and electrons
106
In ions the number of electrons, which are negatively charged, and protons, which are positively charged, are _______.
In ions the number of electrons, which are negatively charged, and protons, which are positively charged, are Unequal.
107
Ions in the human body are collectively known as _________.
Ions in the human body are collectively known as Electrolytes.
108
(True or False) Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes and is said to be a static condition
False
109
Specific type of chemical bonds that occur when pairs of electrons are shared between atoms to form a molecule.
Covalent bonds
110
Specific types of chemical bonds that occur when the electrons are unequally shared among the atoms in the molecule.
Polar covalent bonds
111
This type of chemical bonding will create a molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative regions
Polar Covalent bonding will create a molecule with a slightly positive and slightly negative region.
112
(True or False) The octet rule states that atoms with fewer or more than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to achieve chemical stability.
True
113
The name of the rule of the force responsible for bonding to form molecules and compounds.
The octet rule is the force responsible for bonding to form molecules and compounds
114
All atoms will attempt to achieve stability by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons to satisfy its _______.
All atoms will attempt to achieve stability by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons to satisfy its octet.
115
This type of feedback involves the amplification or acceleration of the change. This intensifies the effects of the feedback response.
Positive feedback involves the amplification or acceleration of the change. This intensifies the effects of the feedback response.
116
This type of feedback involves processes of change that will act to reverse the change.
Negative feedback involves processes of change that will act to reverse the change.
117
(True or False) Signs are objective changes such as a fever or swelling.
True. Signs are measurable and objective. Measuring fever is an easy process that can be done with a thermometer.
118
Level of Organization where molecules combine to form cells.
Cellular level
119
Level of Organization considered the most basic level.
Chemical level
120
Level of Organization where groups of cells and the materials surrounding them work together to perform a particular function.
Tissue level
121
Level of Organization where different types of tissues are joined together.
Organ level
122
Level of Organization that consists of related organs with a common function.
System level (organ system level)
123
Level of Organization where all the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism.
Organismal level
124
Diagnostic technique one does that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.
Noninvasive diagnostic technique
125
During this time, the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal.
Inspection
126
Following inspection, the examiner feels body surfaces with the hands.
Palpitation
127
Following inspection, the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs.
Auscultation
128
Following inspection, the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting sound.
Percussion
129
Study of normal biological function, from cell to tissue, tissue to organ, and organ to system, as well as how the organism functions to carry out normal bodily functions.
Physiology
130
Condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes.
Homeostasis
131
System that transports essential substances to cells and removes waste products from them.
Cardiovascular system
132
System that removes metabolic waste products from the blood and excretes them in urine and helps regulate levels of substances in the body fluids.
Urinary system
133
System that supplies oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
Respiratory system
134
System that digests food and absorbs the products of digestion into the body.
Digestive system.
135
System that protects the body against injury and dehydration.
Integumentary system
136
System that allows movement and locomotion; also produces heat as a bi-product used to warm our bodies.
Muscular system
137
System that provides support, protection, aids in movement, and stores minerals.
Skeletal system
138
Systems that aid in immunity.
Lymphatic system and Immune system
139
Systems that are responsible for overall body control.
Endocrine system and Nervous system
140
Anything that has mass and occupies space
Matter
141
Matter exists in 3 phases:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
142
Type of matter that cannot be broken down into two or more pure substances
Element
143
Pure substance that contains more than one element.
Compound
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Two or more substances in such a way that each substance retains its chemical identity
Mixture
145
Mixtures in which the composition is the same throughout.
Homogenous mixtures
146
Another name for homogenous mixture, which is made of a solvent, usually taken to be the substance present in largest amount, and one or more solutes.
Solution
147
Mixtures in which the composition varies throughout.
Heterogenous mixtures
148
Two types of mixtures
1. Homogenous mixtures
| 2. Heterogenous mixtures
149
Two types of pure substances
1. Elements
| 2. Compounds
150
Two types of matter
1. Mixtures
| 2. Pure substances
151
Name of the type of number of protons in the nucleus of a single atom of the given element.
Atomic number
152
Name of the type of mass of a single atom of a given element.
Atomic mass
153
of protons + # of neutrons.
Atomic mass
154
Names for the alternate forms of an element, with the same number of protons and electrons, but different number of neutrons.
Isotopes
155
Isotopes have the same number of _________ and _________ of an element, but different number of __________.
Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons of an element, but different number of neutrons.
156
Very unstable isotopes that emit nuclear particles and radiation (energy) in a process called decay.
Radioisotopes
157
Radioisotopes are very unstable isotopes that emit __________ particles and __________ (energy) in a process called _________
Radioisotopes are very unstable isotopes that emit nuclear particles and radiation (energy) in a process called decay.
158
The time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of that isotope to decay into a more stable form.
Half-life
159
Some radioisotopes can be used as _______ to follow movement of certain substances in the body and to detect certain diseases in the body.
Some radioisotopes can be used as tracers to follow movement of certain substances in the body and to detect certain diseases in the body.
160
The name of the smallest unit that can take place in a chemical reaction that forms when groups of atoms combine together.
Molecule
161
Name of the formula that indicates the elements and the number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule.
Molecular formula
162
Substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements.
Compound
163
Electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell.
Free radical
164
A ______ ________ is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell.
A Free Radical is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell.
165
Name of the bonds responsible for the overall forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound.
Chemical bonds
166
Atoms that carry a charge due to an unequal number of protons and electrons.
Ions
167
Name of the process of the transfer of electrons from one atom to another to increase the stability of the valence electron layer.
Ionization
168
Atom that gains electrons.
Anion (net negative charge)
169
Atom that loses electrons.
Cation (net positive charge)
170
Name of the chemical bond formed when the strong electrostatic force binds positively and negatively charged ions together.
Ionic bond
171
Name of the chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between valence electron layers of two atoms.
Covalent bond
172
Type of bonds that form when electrons are shared equally, with equal positive and negative charges.
Nonpolar covalent bonds.
173
Type of bonds that form when electrons are not shared equally, due to unequal, partially negative and partially positive charges.
Polar covalent bonds
174
Polar covalent bond that forms between hydrogen atoms and other atoms.
Hydrogen bond
175
Polar covalent bond that forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms.
Hydrogen bond
176
4 properties of water
1. Strong polarity
2. High specific heat
3. High heat of vaporization
4. Cohesion
177
Property of water where polar water molecules attract other polar compounds, which causes them to dissociate.
Strong polarity
178
Property of water where hydrogen bonds absorb heat when they break and release heat when they form, thereby minimizing temperature changes.
High specific heat
179
Property of water where many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate.
High heat of vaporization
180
Property of water where hydrogen bonds hold molecules of water together.
Cohesion
181
Reactions that occur when new bonds form and old bonds break between atoms.
Chemical reactions
182
Starting material(s) in a chemical reaction
Reactants
183
Ending material(s) in a chemical reaction.
Products
184
The capacity to do work
Energy
185
Energy stored by matter due to its position.
Potential energy
186
A form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules.
Chemical energy
187
Energy associated with matter in motion.
Kinetic energy
188
Energy can neither be destroyed nor created.
Law of conservation of energy
189
2 forms of energy that exist
1. Potential energy
| 2. Kinetic energy
190
Term used to describe all the chemical reactions that occur in body cells.
Metabolism
191
Two categories in which the reactions of metabolism are divided into.
1. Anabolism
| 2. Catabolism
192
Means synthesis or "formation" reactions; energy storing (endergonic) in nature.
Anabolism means synthesis or "formation" reactions; energy storing (endergonic) in nature.
193
Means energy storing
Endergonic
194
Which category of metabolism requires energy input, often in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
Anabolism
195
_________ _________ occurs during anabolism when water is removed as small subunits are fused together.
Dehydration synthesis occurs during anabolism when water is removed as small subunits are fused together.
196
Means decomposition; reactions are energy releasing (exergonic) in nature.
Catabolism means decomposition; reactions are energy releasing (exergonic) in nature.
197
Means energy releasing
Exergonic
198
Category of metabolism that involves the breaking of bonds (typically covalent) to produce smaller molecules and release useful energy.
Catabolism
199
During catabolism, ____________ is a type of chemical reaction that breaks down complex compounds AND releases energy (ATP).
During catabolism, Hydrolysis is a type of chemical reaction that breaks down complex compounds AND releases energy (ATP).
200
Energy released from an __________ reaction often is used to drive an ___________ reaction.
Energy released from an Exergonic reaction often is used to drive an Endergonic reaction.
201
4 classes of chemical reactions
1. Synthesis reactions
2. Decomposition reactions
3. Exchange reactions
4. Reversible reactions
202
Chemical reaction that occurs when two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one. (collectively known as anabolism)
Synthesis reaction
203
Chemical reaction that occurs when a large molecule is broken down into smaller ones. (collectively known as catabolism)
Decomposition
204
Chemical reaction that occurs when two different reactants exchange components and as a result, form two new products.
Exchange reaction
205
Chemical reactions where the products can revert to the original reactants.
Reversible reactions
206
The body's ability to detect and respond to changes.
Responsiveness
207
Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Differentiation
