Exam 2 Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
___________ compounds are small, lack carbon chains, and most of them contain ionic bonds.
A
Inorganic compounds are small, lack carbon chains, and most of them contain ionic bonds.
2
Q
Inorganic compounds are ______, lack _______ chains, and most of them contain ________ bonds.
A
Inorganic compounds are small, lack carbon chains, and most of them contain ionic bonds.
3
Q
O2, HCl, KCl, CO2 and H20 are examples of what type of compounds?
A
Inorganic compounds
4
Q
Which inorganic compound makes up 55-60% of an adult’s lean body mass?
A
H20
5
Q
The most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems.
A
Water
6
Q
Without this inorganic compound, humans would die in a matter of days.
A
Water
7
Q
How long would humans survive without water?
A
A matter of days
8
Q
7 properties that make water indispensable for life.
A
- Chemical reactant
- High heat capacity
- High heat of vaporization
- Lubricant
- Solvent
- Cohesive
- High surface tension
9
Q
This property of water serves as the medium for most chemical reactions in the body and participates as a reactant or product in certain reactions.
A
Chemical Reactant
10
Q
This property of water allows it to absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with only a modest change in its own temperature.
A
High heat capacity
11
Q
This property of water means there is a large amount of heat required to change water to gas.
A
High heat of vaporization
12
Q
As water evaporates from the skin, it removes a large amount of ______, which cools the body.
A
As water evaporates from the skin, it removes a large amount of heat, which cools the body.
13
Q
This property of water is a major component of mucus and other lubricating fluids in the body; especially necessary where internal organs touch/slide over one another.
A
Lubricant
14
Q
This property of water gives it to dissolve ionized or polar substances (solutes) to form a solution.
A
Solvent
15
Q
Three properties of water that are due to water’s polarity.
A
Solvent, Cohesive, High surface tension
16
Q
A _______ is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds.
A
A mixture is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds.
17
Q
Three common liquid mixtures
A
- Solutions
- Colloids
- Suspensions
18
Q
Contains solutes evenly dispersed among the solvent molecules.
A
Solution
19
Q
Because the solvent particles are very small, a _______ looks clear and transparent.
A
Because the solvent particles are very small, a solution looks clear and transparent.
20
Q
Differs from a solution mainly because of the size of its particles.
A
Colloid
21
Q
The solute particles in a ______ are large enough to scatter light causing a colloid to usually appear translucent or opaque.
A
The solute particles in a colloid are large enough to scatter light causing a colloid to usually appear translucent or opaque.
22
Q
Unlike solutions and colloids, the solutes in a ________ eventually will settle out.
A
Unlike solutions and colloids, the solutes in a suspension eventually will settle out.
23
Q
When inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, they ___________.
A
When inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, they dissociate.
24
Q
Means to separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules.
A
Dissociate.
25
Substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions.
Acid
26
Often referred to as proton donors since hydrogen ions are composed of a single proton.
Acids
27
Acids are often referred to as ________ ________ since hydrogen ions are composed of a single proton.
Acids are often referred to as proton donors since hydrogen ions are composed of a single proton.
28
The level of ________ of a solution depends on the number of hydrogen ions a particular acid will release compared to the number of hydroxide ions released.
The level of "acidity" of a solution depends on the number of hydrogen ions a particular acid will release compared to the number of hydroxide ions released.
29
Depends on the number of hydrogen ions a particular acid will release compared to the number of hydroxide ions released.
Level of "acidity"
30
Electrolytes that, when dissociated in a solution, shift the hydrogen ion/hydroxide ion balance in favor of hydroxide ions.
Bases
31
Bases, or ________ __________, are electrolytes that, when dissociated in a solution, shift the hydrogen ion/hydroxide ion balance in favor of hydroxide ions.
Bases, or alkaline compounds, are electrolytes that, when dissociated in a solution, shift the hydrogen ion/hydroxide ion balance in favor of hydroxide ions.
32
When dissociated, form one or more hydroxide ions and one or more cations.
Bases
33
When dissociated, bases will form one or more __________ ions and one or more ________.
When dissociated, bases will form one or more hydroxide ions and one or more cations.
34
When dissociated, acids will dissociate into one or more ___________ ions and one or more ________.
When dissociated, acids will dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions.
35
Often called proton donors.
Acids
36
Often referred to as proton accepters.
Bases
37
Bases are often called ________ _________ because they remove __________ ions from a solution.
Bases are often called proton accepters because they remove hydrogen ions from a solution.
38
The term ______ is an abbreviation for the phrase meaning "the power of hydrogen" and is used to mean the relation hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
The term pH is an abbreviation for the phrase meaning "the power of hydrogen" and is used to mean the relation hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
39
Phrase meaning "the power of hydrogen"
pH
40
When dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which are hydrogen/hydroxide ions.
Salt
41
A salt, when dissociated in water, dissociates into _______ and _______, neither of which are ________/_______ ions.
A salt, when dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which are hydrogen/hydroxide ions.
42
Two substances that react with one another to form salts.
Acids and bases
43
H20 dissociating into H+ + OH-;
H+/OH- = 1/1
Acid, it dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions; "proton donor"
44
HCl dissociating into H+ + Cl-;
H+/OH- = 1/0 (balance in favor of H+_
Acid, it dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions; "proton donor"
45
NaOH dissociates into Na+ + OH-;
H+/OH- = 0/1 (balance in favor of OH-)
Base, it dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more cations.
46
Acids and bases react with one another to form ______.
Salts
47
_______ are important in the human body to act as electrolytes, important for carrying electrical currents, especially in nervous and muscular tissues.
Salts are important in the human body to act as electrolytes, important for carrying electrical currents, especially in nervous and muscular tissues.
48
Salts are important in the human body to act as ________, important for carrying _________ currents, especially in ________ and muscular tissues.
Salts are important in the human body to act as electrolytes, important for carrying electrical currents, especially in nervous and muscular tissues.
49
Mechanisms that maintain the pH of blood.
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the pH of blood.
50
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the pH of blood between _____ and _____ (slightly _________)
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the pH of blood between 7.35 and 7.45 (slightly alkaline).
51
Normal pH limits
7.35 to 7.45
52
Any drop in blood pH below 7.35
Acidosis
53
Any elevation in blood pH above 7.45
Alkalosis
54
pH of fluids inside and outside cells remains ________.
pH of fluids inside and outside cells remains constant.
55
Systems that function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.
Buffer systems
56
Buffer systems function to convert _______ acids or bases into _______ acids or bases.
Buffer systems function to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.
57
The chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases are known are _______ and work by removing or adding protons.
The chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases are known are buffers and work by removing or adding protons.
58
Buffers can convert strong acids and bases by removing or adding _________.
Buffers can convert strong acids and bases by removing or adding protons.
59
One of the more important buffer systems and acts to buffer pH changes to the blood.
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system.
60
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate system acts to _______ ____ changes to the blood.
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate system acts to buffer pH changes to the blood.
61
The study of compounds containing carbon.
Organic chemistry
62
What is organic chemistry?
The study of compounds containing carbon.
63
Organic compounds share many properties:
1. Carbon __________
2. ________ bonds (mostly)
3. Polymers made up of many _________
4. Formed by ___________ synthesis
5. Dissolved by __________
6. Carbon skeletons have _________ groups attached to them.
Organic compounds share many properties:
1. Carbon backbone
2. Covalent bonds (mostly)
3. Polymers made up of many monomers
4. Formed by dehydration synthesis
5. Dissolved by hydrolysis
6. Carbon skeletons have functional groups attached to them.
64
Groupings of specific atoms that confer chemical properties to the organic molecule.
Functional groups, which are attached to carbon skeletons of organic compounds.
65
Four main groups of organic substances.
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids
66
The most versatile building blocks of molecules.
Carbon atoms
67
Atom that usually has an atomic # of 6, with ___ valence electrons.
4
68
Atom that usually completes its outer energy shell by sharing valence electrons in four _______ bonds.
The carbon atom usually completes its outer energy shell by sharing valence electrons in four covalent bonds.
69
This atom makes large, complex molecules possible
Carbon atom
70
This atom has covalent compatibility with many different elements.
The carbon atom has covalent compatibility with many different elements.
71
Bonds that link carbon atoms together in long chains that form the skeletal framework for organic molecules.
Covalent bonds link carbon atoms together in long chains that form the skeletal framework for organic molecules.
72
Carbon skeletons may vary in:
1. _________
2. _______ (straight chain, branched, ring)
3. # of _______ bonds
4. Other elements ________ bonded to available sites.
Carbon skeletons may vary in:
1. Length
2. Shape (straight chain, branched, ring)
3. # of double bonds
4. Other elements covalently bonded to available sites.
73
The variation of carbon skeletons contributes to the complexity and diversity of __________ ___________
The variation of carbon skeletons contributes to the complexity and diversity of organic molecules.
74
Provide most of the energy needed for life and include sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.
Carbohydrates
75
Carbohydrates include ________, ________, _________, and ________.
Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.
76
Some carbohydrates are converted to other substances, which are used to build structures and to generate _______
Some carbohydrates are converted to other substances, which are used to build structures and to generate ATP.
77
Besides being converted to other substances that are used to build structures and generate ATP, other carbohydrates function as food _________.
Besides being converted to other substances that are used to build structures and generate ATP, other carbohydrates function as food reserves.
78
Three classes of carbohydrates based on length of carbon chains.
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides.
79
Class of carbohydrates that have short carbon chains.
Monosaccharides
80
Monomers of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
81
Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is an example of a ____________
Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is an example of a monosaccharide
82
Two monosaccharides formed via dehydration synthesis.
Disaccharide
83
How are disaccharides formed?
Dehydration synthesis
84
Sucrose is an example of a _________
Sucrose is an example of a disaccharide
85
Two classes of carbohydrates known as simple sugars
Mono- and disaccharides
86
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are known collectively as simple ________
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are known collectively as simple sugars.
87
The largest carbohydrates and may contain hundreds of monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
88
The principle polysaccharide in the human body.
Glycogen
89
Glycogen is stored in the ________ or ________ ________.
Glycogen is stored in the liver or skeletal muscles.
90
4 types of polysaccharides.
1. Glycogen
2. Starch
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin
91
Storage form of glucose in plants; found in food such as pasta and potatoes; major source of carbs in human diets.
Starches
92
Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls; indigestible by human, but aids in movement of feces through intestines.
Cellulose
93
Structural polysaccharide in fungi and insects.
Chitin
94
Water-insoluble organic biomolecules; generally nonpolar, which makes them hydrophobic.
Lipids
95
Organic biomolecules that make up 18-25% of body mass in lean adults.
Lipids
96
Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; low proportion of oxygen.
Lipids
97
Functions of lipids:
1. Energy ________
2. More compact fuel _______ than carbohydrate
3. ________ vital organs
4. Aid in formation of cell __________
5. Formation of ___________
6. Aid in __________
Functions of lipids:
1. Energy storage
2. More compact fuel reservoir than carbohydrate
3. Cushions vital organs
4. Aid in formation of cell membranes
5. Formation of hormones
6. Aid in digestion
98
5 types of lipids
1. Fatty acids
2. Triglycerides
3. Phospholipids
4. Steroids
5. Eicoanoids
99
Simplest kinds of lipids
Fatty acids
100
Kinds of lipids that synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids; can also be catabolized to generate ATP.
Fatty acids are kinds of lipids that synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids; can also be catabolized to generate ATP.
101
Two forms of fatty acids
1. Saturated fatty acid
| 2. Unsaturated fatty acid
102
Form of fatty acid in which all available bonds of its hydrocarbon chain are filled with hydrogen atoms.
Saturated fatty acid
103
Form of fatty acid that has one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon.
Unsaturated fatty acid
104
Form of fatty acid that has a kink (bend) at the site of the double bond.
Unsaturated fatty acid
105
Kinds of lipids that are the most plentiful in the human body.
Triglycerides
106
Two building blocks that make up triglycerides.
1. Glycerol
| 2. Ester linkage
107
Three fatty acids that are attached by dehydration synthesis to each carbon molecule of the glycerol backbone in triglycerides.
Ester linkage
108
Liquid triglycerides at room temperature due to presence of unsaturated fatty acids.
Oils
109
Solid triglycerides at room temperature due to the presence of saturated fatty acids.
Fats
110
Body's most highly concentrated form of chemical energy and can provide more than twice as much energy per gram as carbs/proteins.
Triglycerides
111
Humans have an unlimited capacity to store ________ in adipose tissue
Humans have an unlimited capacity to store triglycerides in adipose tissue
112
Similar to triglycerides in that they have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acids attached to the first 2 carbons.
Phospholipids
113
The third atom in phospholipids is bonded to a ___________ group.
The third atom in phospholipids is bonded to a phosphate group.
114
The portion of a phospholipid molecule (the head)that is bonded to a phosphate group is ______ and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
The portion of a phospholipid molecule (the head)that is bonded to a phosphate group is polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
115
The two fatty acids (tails) of a phospholipid molecule is ________ and can interact only with other lipids.
The two fatty acids (tails) of a phospholipid molecule is nonpolar and can interact only with other lipids.
116
Molecules that contain both polar and nonpolar parts are said to be ____________.
Molecules that contain both polar and nonpolar parts are said to be amphipathic.
117
Phospholipids form the primary structures of a cell ________.
Phospholipids form the primary structures of a cell membrane.
118
Derivatives of a four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton.
Steroids
119
Most common steroid in animal cells.
Cholesterol
120
The starting point for synthesis of all steroids in the body.
Cholesterol
121
Cholesterol is the starting point for the synthesis of all ______ in the body.
Cholesterol is the starting point for the synthesis of all steroids in the body.
122
Estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, bile salts, and vitamin D are all examples of _______ formed in the body.
Estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, bile salts, and vitamin D are all examples of steroids formed in the body.
123
Lipids composed of a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid called arachiodonic acid.
Eicosanoids
124
Eicosanoids are lipids composed of a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid called ____________ acid.
Eicosanoids are lipids composed of a 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid called arachiodonic acid.
125
Subclass of eicosanoids that play a role in regulating the effects of several hormones
Prostaglandins
126
Two principle subclasses of eicosanoids.
1. Prostaglandins
| 2. Leukotrienes
127
Subclass of eicosanoids that participate in allergic and inflammatory responses.
Leukotrienes
128
Prostaglandins are a subclass of eicosanoids that play role in regulating the effects of several __________.
Prostaglandins are a subclass of eicosanoids that play role in regulating the effects of several hormones.
129
Leukotrienes are a subclass of eicosanoids that participate in _________ and ____________ responses.
Leukotrienes are a subclass of eicosanoids that participate in allergic and inflammatory responses.
130
Organic molecules making up about 12-18% of a normal adult body.
Proteins
131
Linear polymers of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
Proteins
132
Proteins are linear polymers of _________ acids held together by __________ bonds.
Proteins are linear polymers of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
133
All amino acids are made up of:
1. ________ group (base)
2. __________ group (acid)
3. side or ___ group
4. __ atom
All amino acids are made up of:
1. amino group (base)
2. carboxyl group (acid)
3. side or R group
4. H atom
134
When 2 amino acids combine, a _______ forms.
When 2 amino acids combine, a dipeptide forms.
135
Unfavorable ___________ and ____ changes can cause a protein to unravel and lose its shape.
Unfavorable temperature and pH changes can cause a protein to unravel and lose its shape.
136
When a protein unravels and loses its shape, this is called ____________.
When a protein unravels and loses its shape, this is called denaturation.
137
Proteins that are considered biological catalysts.
Enzymes
138
Catalysts:
1. ________ the rate of reaction
2. Are not ________ at the end of the reaction
3. Don't change the _______ of the reaction or the final result
Catalysts:
1. Increase the rate of reaction
2. Are not changed at the end of the reaction
3. Don't change the nature of the reaction or the final result
139
Minimum energy required for reactions to occur.
Activation energy
140
Catalysts speed up reactions at a lower _____________ by lowering the activation energy required.
Catalysts speed up reactions at a lower temperature by lowering the activation energy required.
141
Two parts of an enzyme
1. Apoenzyme (protein portion)
| 2. Cofactor (nonprotein portion)
142
The cofactor of an enzyme may be a _______ ion (Fe, Mg, Zn, Ca) or an organic molecule called a __________.
The cofactor of an enzyme may be a metal ion (Fe, Mg, Zn, Ca) or an organic molecule called a coenzyme.
143
________ are usually derived from vitamins.
Coenzymes are usually derived from vitamins.
144
Enzyme names usually end in ______.
Enzyme names usually end in -ase.
145
All enzymes can be grouped according to the type of chemical reactions they ________.
All enzymes can be grouped according to the type of chemical reactions they catalyze.
146
Group of enzymes that remove hydrogen.
Dehydronases
147
Group of enzymes that add oxygen.
Oxidases
148
Group of enzymes that add phosphate.
Kinases
149
Group of enzymes that split ATP.
ATPases
150
Group of enzymes that remove water.
Anhydrases
151
Group of enzymes that break down proteins.
Proteases
152
Group of enzymes that break down triglycerides.
Lipases
153
Enzymes operate via a _____-and-____ mechanism
Enzymes operate via a lock-and-key mechanism
154
Enzyme molecules that react and can fit into specific pockets in the active sites of the enzyme.
Substrates
155
____________ are molecules that will react and can fit into pockets of the enzyme known as active sites.
Substrates are molecules that will react and can fit into pockets of the enzyme known as active sites.
156
Specific pockets in the enzyme that substrates can fit into.
Active sites
157
When an active site of an enzyme changes its shape slightly to fit around the substrate.
Induced fit
158
Once substrates have docked in the active sites of the enzyme, they form an enzyme-__________ complex.
Once substrates have docked in the active sites of the enzyme, they form an enzyme-substrate complex.
159
Chemical reactions can occur within the enzyme-substrate complex where _________ are converted to __________.
Chemical reactions can occur within the enzyme-substrate complex where substrates are converted to products.
160
Enzyme activity is influenced by:
1. Temp and ___ of the solution
2. Concentration of _________ and coenzymes
3. Concentration of enzyme and _______ molecules
4. Stimulatory and _________ effects
Enzyme activity is influenced by:
1. Temp and pH of the solution
2. Concentration of cofactors and coenzymes
3. Concentration of enzyme and substrate molecules
4. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects
161
Huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Nucleic acids
162
Key molecules for human survival that provide directions for building proteins.
Nucleic acids
163
Type of nucleic acid that forms genetic material inside each human cell.
DNA
164
Type of nucleic acid that relays instructions from genes to guide each cell's synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
RNA
165
Organic molecules composed of a chain of repeating monomers known as nucleotides.
Nucleic acids
166
Chains of repeating monomers in nucleic acids composed of nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphates.
Nucleotides
167
Important molecule composed of adenosine and ribose sugar attached to a string of three phosphates.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
168
"Energy currency" of living systems that powers cellular activities
ATP
169
Activities of living systems include:
1. Muscular _________
2. Movement of ____________ during cell division
3. Movement of ___________ within cells
4. Transport across _____________
5. ________ reactions
Activities of living systems include:
1. Muscular contractions
2. Movement of chromosomes during cell division
3. Movement of structures within cells
4. Transport across membranes
5. Synthesis reactions
170
The process by which ATP is produced
Cellular respiration
171
ATP is produced by a process known as __________ ____________.
ATP is produced by a process known as cellular respiration.
172
Two phases of cellular respiration
1. Anaerobic phase
| 2. Aerobic phase
173
Phase of cellular respiration which yields very little ATP without the use of oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration
174
Phase of cellular respiration which yields great amounts of ATP with the use of oxygen.
Aerobic respiration
175
What is aerobic respiration?
Phase during cellular respiration that yields very little ATP without the use of oxygen.
176
What is anaerobic respiration?
Phase during cellular respiration that yields great amounts of ATP with the use of oxygen.
177
ATP is composed of ___________ and _________ sugar attached to a string of _______ phosphates.
ATP is composed of adenosine and ribose sugar attached to a string of three phosphates.
