Exam 1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Name the three types of Staining tecniques
A
Golgi - does the best job of showing full cells but only a few
Nissl - stains many cells without the fibers
Weigert - only mylinated fibers, no cells
2
Q
Name the 3 primary classification of fibers in the Cerebrum
A
1) Projection
2) Commissureal
3) Assoicational
3
Q
Which cells make up the majority of Projection fibers?
A
Large Pyramidal Cells
4
Q
Which fibers connect one hemisphear to another?
A
Commissural
5
Q
Which fibers will leave the cerebrum to communicate with another area of the body?
A
Projection
6
Q
Which fibers will connect 2 lobes within one hemisphear?
A
Long Associational fibers
7
Q
Which fibers are present within in one lobe on one hemisphear?
A
Short Associational fibers
8
Q
What is the largest commisura in the brain?
A
Corpous Collosum
9
Q
Which fibers of the brain are the effarent fibers?
A
Projection fibers
10
Q
What area of the cerebrum is the primary auditory cortex
A
Transverse temporal Gyri
11
Q
What is Wernicky’s area?
A
the auditory association area which surrounds the primary auditory cortex
12
Q
What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
A
Central: Brain and spinal cord
Periferal: Spinals nerves + everything else
13
Q
What are the funtional divisions of the nervous system?
A
Autonomic: Visceral
Somatic: Musculoskeletal
Enteric: Gut Brain
14
Q
The Brain can be further divided into what 3 major categories?
A
Forebrain: made up of telencephalon and diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain: made up of the pons, cerebellum, and medulla
15
Q
What structures made up the brain stem?
A
Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla
16
Q
True or False: Ganglia are found in the CNS
A
False: Nuclei are found in the CNS, Ganglia are found in the PNS. EXCEPTION: Basial Gangilon.
17
Q
What is the difference between White and Gray matter
A
White matter is mylinated, gray matter is unmylenated.
18
Q
Which fibers are typically not mylenated?
A
Dendrites
19
Q
Where will be see the majority of gray matter?
A
Areas with many cell bodies, gangion, or nuclei, spcifically in the cortex.
20
Q
Which fibers are typically mylinated?
A
Axons
21
Q
What terms can describe a bundle of axons?
A
Tract
Lemniscus ( track through the brain stem)
Fascicle
Puncle (bundle of fibers that joins structures)
22
Q
Areas of the brain responsible for motor control
A
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Vestibular System
23
Q
Major Structure of the brain that assists in homeostatic control?
A
Hypothamus
24
Q
Which area of the brain controls memory and emotion?
A
Limbic System
25
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
26
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
27
Types of Neurons:
Multipolar
Unipolar
Psudounipolar
28
What is the most common type of neuron?
The multipolar
29
Dorsal Root Ganglia are composed of what type of neuron?
Psudounipolor cells
30
Retinal neurons are what type of neurons?
Bipolar
31
centrifugal nerve
Efferent Nerve: runs to the periferay
32
centripetal nerve
Afferent Nerves: runs to the CNS
33
True or False: interneurons are the least common occurring type of neuron in the body.
False: they make up about 99% of neurons
34
Which nerves would you describe as "rely neurons?"
Interneurons
35
Describe the structure of the multipolar neuron.
Many processes all coming out of the cell body (mostly dendrites.
36
Desirbe the shape of the bipolar cells
the processes come off of the cell body
37
Which type of neuron is mostly associated with sensory stim
bipolar
38
describe the psudounipolar cells
single process that splits off of the cell body which splits later. These are actually modified bipolar cells
39
What type of cell is the Trigeminal nerve
psudounipolor
40
What are the three ways to classify neurons
Shape
Funtion
What they secrete
41
What are examples of different neurons named for what they secrete
Adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, gabanergic
42
What does the neuron doctrine state?
The neuron is the simplest unit of the nervous system.
43
What are the 2 main, unique, fibers of a neuron?
Dendrites
| Axons
44
In terms of intercellular transport, define retrograde and anterograde.
Anterograde: down axon
Retrograde: back up the axon
45
What are the major types of synapses?
```
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Somatosomatic
Axoaxonic
Dendrodendrtic
```
46
What is the most common type of synapse?
Axodendrtic
47
What is the second most common type of synapse?
Axosomatic
48
What are the 2 ways that nerves can transmit signals?
Electrical and Chemical
49
Which is a more common form of information transmission: electrical or chemical?
Chemical - the release of Neurotransmitters is chemical signaling
50
What types of substances may need to undergo retrograde transport?
Larger Neurotransmitters that have been reuptaken by the cell which produced them. Small ones will stay at the synaptic cleft but there is no space for the larger ones.
51
What allows neurotransmitters to be reuptaken by the cell that produced them?
Enzymes in the synaptic cleft will deactivate cells that do not contact their receptors so that they can be taken back.
52
What are the neuroglia?
The support cells of the nervous system
53
Distingush between shwann cells and glia cells
shwann cells are in the PNS, Glia are in the CNS
54
True or False: Shwann cells can be found in association with both mylinated and unmylinated fibers
TRUE: Shwann cells both mylinated fibers and hold them in place. If a fiber is mylinated, each shwann cell can only mylinated one piece of one fiber bc it is entirely wrapped around that section. If it is unmylinated than one shwann cell can reach out and touch several fibers.
55
What is the Node of Ranviere?
They are gaps between the shwann cells on a fiber, they help to speed up transmission. There is an inverse relationship between the size of the node and the speed of the signal
56
What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and shwann cells?
oligodendrocyets are in the CNS and each can mylinate multiple cells because there are extentions that wrap around the cells, not the entier cell itself
57
What is the most numerous cell type in the CNS?
Astrocytes
58
What is the funtion of the Astrocytes?
1) Support cells for the Blood Brain Barrier
2) metabolic support for neurons (nutrient and waste)
3) Mechanical support (hold everything in place by filling in
the gaps
4) Help neurons respond to neurotransmitters (act almost
like specialized interneurons
59
What is the shape of the Astrocytes?
Star Shaped
60
What are the immune cells of the nervous system?
The Microglia
61
Where do the microglia come from
Controversy: Either the Bone marrow or the nervous system
62
What type of tissue are the ependymal cells?
Psudostratified epithelial cells
63
What is the primary job of the ependymal cells?
To create the CSF
| Possible Stem cell of the NS
64
What structure are the ependymal cells a part of?
the choroid plexus (with the capillaries)
65
Name a mylination defect:
MS
66
At what week does the nevous system begin to develop ?
about the 3rd week
67
What are the functions of the early notochord?
1) send messages to other parts of the developing embryo to assist in development
2) send out chemical messages to get others to work (induction)
68
When does induction occur?
during nuralation
69
What are the stages of induction?
tells the overlying ectoderm to begin the process of neuralation. This causes the cells to move medially and congregate toward the center.
70
What are the three layers formed in neurolation? What is formed by each?
Endoderm: inner linings
Mesoderm: muscles, bone, connective tissue
Ectoderm: skin, hair, NS
71
Order of neurolation:
Notochord signals to ectoderm and cells consolidate medially to form the Neural Plate.
Neural Plate sinks down in the middle to from neural grove and neural folds (tips of the fold = crest)
Neural folds come together to form the neural tube and the crest cells break off
Neural Tube turns into CNS, Neural Crest turns into PNS
72
What is the precursors to the forebrain and when is it formed?
prosencephalon (formed by an expansion at the front of the neural tube). 4th week
73
What is the precursor to the hindbrain (pons and medulla)
rhombencephalon - the 2nd expansion of the neural tube. Also week 4
74
Where is the midbrain formed?
It is the space between the prosencephalon and the rhombencephalon
75
Name 2 conditions that occure if the neural pores do not close.
In the CNS: anacephali
| In the PNS: Spina Bifida
76
What part of the developing neural tube will become the cerebrum?
The telencephlon which is the lateral aspect of the prosencephalon which grows quickly
77
What can be found within the telencephalon?
```
The cortex (outter layer)
The white matter (deep to cortex)
Subcortical nuclei (embeded within the white matter)
```
78
Name the area of the forebrain/prosencephalon which grows slowly. What primitive structures does it form?
The diencephalon.
It forms the all of the structures with "-thalmus" in the name:
Thalmus
Hypothalamus
Metathalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus (not some people place the subthalmus in the midbrain)
79
What part of the neural tube forms the primitive midbrain?
Mesencephalon
80
List the regions of the mesencephalon from Dorsal to Ventral
Tectal Region
Cerebral Aqudect
Tegmentum (continuation of the tegmentum of the pons and medulla)
Penduclar Region
81
What does the cerebral aqudect do?
It allows CSF to flow from the forebrain into the ventricle
82
What are the the colliculi?
4 little bums on the tectum (most dorsal structure of the mesencepholon
83
How does the Rhombencephalon grow?
A -> P
84
What structures are part of the metencephalon?
The Pons and the cerebellum
85
What are the two parts of the Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
| Myelencephalon (Medulla)
86
True or false: the myelencephalon quickly expands from A-P to from the medulla.
False: the myelencephalon is the part od the rhombencephalon that does not expand. It does from the medulla
87
What are the Anterior and dorsal structures in the myelencephalon?
A: pyramid
D: Dorsal column
88
What are the primary vesicles?
Prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hind brain
89
What are the secondary vesicles
Telencephalon
Diencepalon
Mesencaphlon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
90
What are bends in the brain called?
Flexures
91
What are the primary flexures?
cervical flexure: between medulla and spinal cord
| cephalic flexure: between prosencephalon and mid brain.
92
True or False: the primary flexures are both located on the the anterior side
True
93
What are the secondary flexures?
Pontine Flexure: between the pons/ medulla on one side and the cerebellum on the other side.
Located on the posterior side
94
What vesicle forms the walls of the lateral ventricle?
The telencephalon
95
What vesicle forms the walls of third ventricle?
diencephalon
96
Where is the intraventricular foramen locate and what does it do?
the intraventricular foramen are the foramen in the walls of the third ventricle that allow it to communicate with the lateral ventricles
97
What makes of the walls of the cerebral aqudeuct? what does it connect?
The mesencephalon makes up the walls of the cerebral aqudeuct and it connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
98
What makes of the walls of the 4th ventricle?
The metencephalon at the pontine flexure
99
True or false: There is very little CSF in the strucure that froms the space in the spinal cord, the central canal.
True - in development the central can be very small and even closed off.
100
Neural tube cells begin to migrate based on function. Name the plates and associated functions from dorsal to ventral
Dorsal: Alar Plate - sensory structures
Middle: Sulcus Limitans - grove that separates sensory from motor
Ventral: Basilar Plate - motor structures
101
Neural tube cells begin to migrate based on function. Where will the visceral vs the somatic structures migrate toward?
Visceral will be closer to the sulcus limitans, somatic will be further from the sulcus limmitans
102
The medulla expands in a way that forces the basilar and alar plates next to each other. Which is located laterally and which is located medially?
Alar (sensory) - lateral
| Basilar (motor) - medial
103
What are the 3 tubular zones of the the spinal cord?
Innermost - ventricular zone
Intermediate zone
Marginal zone - outer zone
104
Which zone of the spinal cord neural tube contains mature cells?
The marginal/outer zone
105
Which zone of the spinal cord contains non-speific cells?
The innermost/ventricular zone
106
Which zone of the spinals cord contains neuroblasts?
The intermediate zone
107
Which zone of the spinal cord contaions the glioblasts?
the intermediate zone
108
Most of the cortex is held into which structure?
The Gyrui
109
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura Mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater
110
What are the 2 layers of the cranial dura?
Periostal layers
| meningeal layer
111
Which of the dural layers is vascular?
The periosteal
112
How many layers of the cortex are there?
3-6 layers
113
Cell types found in the brain
Pyramidal - output cells
Stallate cells - can either be spiney or smooth - inhibitory
Bipolar cells - excititory or inhibitory
114
Layers of the cortex
```
Molecular layer
outer granual
outer pytramidal
inner granual
inner pyramidal
Fusiform - most inner layer
```
115
Which lamina of the cortex is primarily fiberus?
The molecular layer
116
What is the name when there is real space between the 2 layers of the dura mater
Sinuses
117
What is the inervation of the to the dura mater?
The Trigemninal nerve and C1 C3 dorsal roots
118
What are the three folds in the mingeial layers?
Falx Ceribri - into longitundal fissure
Tentorium Cereli - separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
Falx Cerebelli - separate one cerebella hemisphear from another
119
What layer of the mingies supports the brain using trebercule?
The cranial arracnoid layer
The terbercule also allow for the movement of cerebral spinal fluid
120
What is the space between the dura and the arrachnoid layer?
subdural space
121
What are the arracnoid cistern
large spaces in the arracnoid matter
122
What is the lareges of the arracnoid cysterns?
Lumbar cistern - between spnial cord and dura mater
123
What are the arachnoid granulations?
Within the sinus create an area where the CSG can be released into the sinuses to be drained.
124
What is the difference between the spinal dura mater and the cranial dura mater?
The spinal dura has only one layer
125
What layer exists between the periostum and the dura
Epidural fat pad
126
Is the epidural fat pad vascular
Yes
127
What level does the spinal dura mater end at?
S2
128
What structure anchors the dural sac?
the coccygeal ligament
129
What makes up the coccygeal ligament made of?
The dura and pia mater
130
Where does the spinal cord end?
The lumbar cistern (L2 to S2)
131
What layers of mingial layers make up the filum terminal externa?
Dura and the Pia
132
What mingeal layers make u pthe filum terminal interna
Just the Pia mater
133
What is the function of the dente ligaments?
To hold the spinal cord in place
134
How many dente ligaments are there?
2 theories
2 ligaments with 21 attachement sites
22 ligaments
135
At what rate is CSF produced?
14-35mL/hr or 800 mL/day
136
how much CSF is in circulation at any given movement?
150mL
137
What can be found within the CSF?
Electrolites: Na+, K+, Cl+
| some (but very very few) proteins, lymphocytes, epitheal cells
138
What is the job of the CSF?
To cusion the brain and spinal cord
to remove waste
the deliver Na+, K+, and Cl- to neurons for proper activity
139
What are the three layers of the cortex?
Archycortex (oldest) - hypocamapus, para hypocampus gyrus
paleocortex - olfactory system
neocortex - most of the cerebrum (6 layers)
140
How is the cerebrum organized?
Columnar organization
141
Which lobe of the brain controls motor function?
Frontal
142
Which lobe of the brain contains the sensory cortex?
Parietal
