EXAM 1 Flashcards
(267 cards)
0
Q
Cognitive thought develops in four qualitatively different stages ranging from exploring through the sense and motor abilities to abstract, logical thinking
A
Piaget
1
Q
Humans are limited in how much information they can process at any given time
A
Information processing theory
2
Q
Psychology is the science of behavior and as much deals only with observable ask that can be objectively described in terms such as stimulus and response
A
Behaviorist theory
3
Q
People learn from observing other people
A
Social learning theory
4
Q
Development is lifelong and involves a number of psychosocial tasks
A
Ericsson
5
Q
From conception to birth
A
Prenatal Period
6
Q
birth to two years old
A
Infancy and toddlerhood
7
Q
Two years to six years old
A
Early childhood
8
Q
Six years to 11 years old
A
Middle childhood
9
Q
Motor development and physical health and illness: Brain, nervous system, muscles, senses, etc.
A
Physical development
10
Q
Thinking reasoning and language development: memory, learning, problem-solving, intelligence
A
Cognitive development
11
Q
Changes in emotions, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships: interaction with others, Peer relationships
A
Social/emotional development
12
Q
Stability and change of a persons characteristics
A
Personality development
13
Q
Why do we change
A
Nature versus nurture
14
Q
How do we change
A
Continuity and discontinuity
15
Q
When does learning take place
A
Critical versus sensitive period
16
Q
How are we alike and how are we different from each other
A
Universality and diversity
17
Q
The inherited or genetic characteristics of a person
A
Nature
18
Q
The environmental influences that shape behavior
A
Nurture
19
Q
Gradual changes that occur little by little overtime
A
Continuity
20
Q
Changes that are sudden and qualitative rather than gradual and quantitative
A
Discontinuity
21
Q
A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences
A
Critical Period
22
Q
The period during which organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli, but the absence of the stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
A
Sensitive period
23
Q
An organized set of ideas that are designed to explain and make predictions about development
A
Child development theory
24
Primitive drives related to hunger, sex aggression and irrational impulses; operates by pleasure principles, in which the goals are to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
Id
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The part that is rational and reasonable; operates by reality principle, in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society
ego
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Represents a persons conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong. It develops around age 5 or six and is learned from an individual's parents, teachers, and other significant figures
super ego
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The theory that states that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages. The stages emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people.
Eric Erickson Psychosocial theory
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Describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Early experiences are emphasized
Freud psychoanalytic theories
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Theory that states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
Piaget's cognitive development theory
30
A socio-cultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
Vygotsky's socio-cultural cognitive theory
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Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking
The information processing theory
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The consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence
Operant conditioning
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Theory that behavior environment and cognition are the key factors in development
Bandura's social cognitive theory
34
Theory that stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods
Ethology
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Emphasizes that self efficacy is a key person/cognitive factor in children's achievement
Bandura
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And environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
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Bronfenbrenner's five environmental system
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
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The setting in which the individual lives
Microsystem
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Relations between Microsystems
Mesosystem
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links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individuals immediate context
Exosystem
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The culture in which individuals live
Macrosystem
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The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as socio-historical circumstances
Chronosystem
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And orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it
Eclectic theoretical orientation
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The approach to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflict which a person has little awareness or control
Freud's psychosexual theory
45
The five is psychosexual stages of development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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The three parts of personality
Id, ego, superego
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The part of the personality a person is unaware of it contains infantile wishes, desires, demands, and needs, that are hidden, because of their disturbing nature, from conscious awareness
Unconscious
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Primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and air rational impulses; operates by pleasure principles in which the goals are to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
Id
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Is the part that is rational and reasonable operates by reality principle in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society
Ego
50
Represents a persons conscience incorporating distinctions between right and wrong it develops around age 5 or six and is learn from an individual's parents teachers and other significant figures
Super ego
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Theory that suggests that developmental changes occurred throughout our lives in eight distinct stages. The stages of emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people. Each stage represents a crisis or conflict that the individual must resolve
Eric Erickson psychosocial theory
52
What does Erikson psychosocial theory emphasize
Social environment, culture, contextual issues
53
Who began the American study of behaviorism
John Watson
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Who did research to support Watsons theory
BF Skinner
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What are the keys to understanding development according to learning theory
Observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
56
Molding children's behavior by controlling stimulus – response association
Classical conditioning
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A thing that can already elicit a response
Unconditioned stimulus
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A thing that is already elicited by a stimulus
Unconditioned response
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A new stimulus we deliver the same time we gave the old stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
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The new stimulus – response relationship we created by associating a new stimulus with an old response
Conditioned response
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A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weekend depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
Operant conditioning on
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A consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows
Reinforcement
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Rewarding people by giving a reward
Positive reinforcement
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Rewording people by taking away an unpleasant thing
Negative reinforcement
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A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows
Punishment
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Theory that states behavior environment and cognition is the key factors in development
Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory
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What is the main focus of social cognitive theory
Observational learning that occurs through observing what others do
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What are the three elements of social cognitive theory
Behavior, the person/cognition, and the environment
69
Theory that states the children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
Piaget's cognitive development theory
70
What are the four stages of Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage
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The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage.
Sensorimotor stage
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The child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action
Preoperational stage
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The child to now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets
Concrete operational stage
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The adolescent reasons in more abstract idealistic and logical ways
Formal operational stage
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Piaget stage at birth to 2 years of age
Sensorimotor stage
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Piaget's stage from 2 to 7 years of age
Preoperational stage
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Piaget stage from 7 to 11 years of age
Concrete operational stage
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Piaget's stage of 11 years of age through adulthood
Formal operational stage
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The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
Assimilation
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The process that changes the existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
Accommodation
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Theory that states that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking
Information processing theory
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Theory that states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for processing information, which allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills
Information processing theory
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Theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interaction between members of a culture
Vygotsky Contextual perspective
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A teaching style that matches the amount of assistance given to the learner's needs
Scaffolding
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The difference between what one can do with health and what one can do alone
Zone of proximal development
86
Theory that emphasizes the impact of various aspects of the environment on child development
Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory
87
Five systems of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, Chronosystem
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System that includes family, school, daycare, peers, neighborhood play area
Microsystem
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System that includes the interaction among different microsystems
Mesosystem
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System that includes extended family, neighbors, community services
exosystem
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System that includes media, attitudes, beliefs, culture
Macrosystem
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System that includes the dimensions of time
Chronosystem
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Theory that views development from an evolutionary perspective in this theory many behaviors are adaptive – they have survival value
Ethology
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Rapid, innate learning that occurs within a critical period of time and that involves attachment to the first moving object infant seas
Imprinting
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Research design that includes independent variable dependent variables and random assignment
Experimental design
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Studies measuring individual change over long periods of time
Longitudinal studies
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Study in with people of different ages are compared at the same point of time
Cross sectional study
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Studies in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time
Sequential Study
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Perspective that states different pathways can lead to similar developmental outcomes
Dynamic systems perspective
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A research design whose goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics
Correlational research
101
What are the four elements of ethics in research
Safety, informed consent, do no harm, privacy
102
Evolutionary process by which those individuals of the species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
Natural selection
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Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
Evolutionary psychology
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Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acids or DNA
Chromosome
105
How many pairs of chromosomes do we have
23 pairs
106
A complex molecule with a double helix shape: contains genetic information
DNA
107
Units of hereditary information composed of DNA
genes
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Directs cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life
genes
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The complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism
Genome
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Cellular reproduction in which the cells nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being for
Mitosis
111
A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm
Meiosis
112
He stayed in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a zygote
Fertilization
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A single cell formed through fertilization
Zygote
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Produced by a mistake in cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agents
Mutated gene
115
A person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material
Genotype
116
The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
Phenotype
117
Gene that of influential only if both genes are recessive
Recessive gene
118
When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome
X-linked inheritance
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Occurs when James have differing affects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father
Genetic imprinting
120
Occurs when most characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different jeans
Polygenetic inheritance
121
A prenatal medical procedure in which high-frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen
Ultrasound sonography
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Prenatal medical procedure in which a small sampling of the placenta is removed
Chronic villi sampling
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Prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders
Amniocentesis
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Test that looks at the accumulation of fluid at the base of the neck of the fetus to assess the risk of down syndrome
nuchal translucency screening
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Test that identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida and down syndrome
Maternal blood or triple screening
126
Test that focuses on the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood and analysis of cell free fetal DNA in maternal plasma
Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
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After how many months of trying to conceive is one considered infertile
12 months
128
Social and legal process by which a parent child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth
Adoption
129
That uniting of egg and sperm in the lab. Subsequently the embryos are transferred into the uterus through the cervix and pregnancy is allowed to begin
In Vitro fertilization
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Sperm and ova are transferred to a woman's fallopian tube
Gamete intrafallopian transfer or GIFT
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Fertilization of the egg happens outside of the body, the fertilized embryos are placed back into a woman's fallopian tubes rather than her uterus
Lego intrafallopian transfer or ZIFT
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A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins as compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins
Twin study
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A study in which investigator seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents or more like their biological parents
Adoption studies
134
sibling's common experiences such as their parents' personality and intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status and the neighborhood in which they live.
Shared environmental experiences
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The child's own unique experiences, both with in the family and outside the family, that are not shared by another sibling
Non-shared environmental experiences
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Genetic tendencies and environment
Passive genetic environment correlation
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Child genetic elicits responses from the environment
evocative genetic environment correlation
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Child actively seeks out niches. Niche picking in their environment that reflects their own interest or talents
Active genetic environment correlation
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Emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
Epigenetic view
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The interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment
Gene X environment interaction
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Three stages of prenatal development
Germinal, embryonic, fetal
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Three-month periods of equal length
Trimesters
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Two babies from one egg and one sperm
Monozygotic twins
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Two babies from two eggs and two sperm
Dizygotic twins
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The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception
Germinal period
146
The inner mass of cells that develop during the germinal period. The cells later develop into the embryo
Blastocyst
147
Three events that occur during the germinal period
Creation of the zygote, continued cell division and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
148
The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells later provide nutrition and support for the embryo
Trophoblast
149
The presence of a developing embryo or fetus outside the normal location in the uterus
Ectopic pregnancy
150
The period of prenatal development that occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception
Embryonic period
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Embryonic stage is the most critical time in prenatal development because it is the time that _______ is most likely to occur
Environmental damage
152
The inner layer of cells which develops into digestive and respiratory systems
Endoderm
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The middle layer of cells which becomes a circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system and reproductive system
Mesoderm
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The outermost layer of cells which becomes the nervous system, brain, sensory receptors and skin parts
Ectoderm
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The life-support system that is a thin bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats
Amnion
156
Contains two arteries and one vain and connects the baby to the placenta
Umbilical cord
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A disk shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessel from the mother and the offspring intertwined but don't join
Placenta
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Prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and last for seven months on average
Fetal period
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This develops in the first 18 to 24 days after conception it develops out of the ectoderm
Neural tube
160
How many neurons is a baby have at birth
100 billion neurons
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Part of the neuron that receives signals
Dendrites
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Part of the neuron that sends out signals
axon
163
Two birth defects related to a failure of the neural tube to close
Anencephaly and spina bifida
164
When does neurogenesis occur
The fifth prenatal week
165
Generation of new neurons
Neurogenesis
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Involves cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating the different levels, structures, and regions of the brain
Neuronal migration
167
Any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect
Teratogen
168
What is the typical weight gain that is associated with the best reproductive outcomes
25 to 35 pounds
169
The stage of birth where the cervix is dialating
First stage
170
The stage of birth in which the infant is born
Second stage
171
The stage of birth when the placenta is delivered
Third stage
172
When the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled
Afterbirth
173
Medication given during labor that numbs from the waist down
Epidural
174
Synthetic hormones that stimulate contractions
Pitocin
175
Three reasons to use pitocin
To induce uterine contractions, To improve or augment labor, and to control bleeding
176
When at what dilation is and epidural usually given
Between 4 and 7
177
Insufficient oxygen to fetus/newborn during contractions
anoxia
178
Skin grease that protects baby from heat loss
Vernix coseosa
179
A rating scale usually administered at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, that provides an overview of the infant's health
Apgar
180
What are the 5 dimensions that the Apgar measures
heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color and reflex irritability
181
What is the Apgar score range
0-10
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Good Apgar score
7-10
183
Need medical support Apgar score
4-6
184
Urgent medical care Apgar score
3 or below
185
A test performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth to assess newborns' neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
186
Provides a more comprehensive analysis of the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale
187
Babies that weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth
Low birth weight infants
188
Babies born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term
Preterm infants
189
Babies whose birth weight is below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered
Small for Date
190
By what age do preterm infants develop normally
2-3
191
What types of mothers most commonly have low birth weight babies
Women who smoke or drink alcohol or do not eat nutritious food.
192
In low birth weight babies what development is usually delayed
cognitive and motor
193
Process by which uterus returns to pre-pregnant size
involution
194
What are preterm adolescents at higher risk for
language delays, learning problems, and behavior problems/delinquency involvement
195
A major depressive episode characterized by strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair in new mothers, making it difficult for them to carry out tasks
Postpartum depression
196
The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top-- the head-- with physical growth and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom
Cephalocaudal
197
Growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward extremities
Proximodistal
198
What is the size of the average American newborn
20 inches and 7 pound 8 ounces or 7 1/2 pounds
199
What happens to an infants body size between 0-6 months
weight doubles
200
What happens to an infants body from 0-12 months
weight triples
201
What happens to baby's height
Gains take place in bursts, no set pattern
202
in what period are Millions of neurons or nerve cells produced in the neural tube
Prenatal period
203
Chemicals that move across synapses, allowing communication between neurons
Neurotransmiters
204
Small gaps, or spaces, between the cells through which information is transmitted from one neuron to the next
Synapses
205
The process in which a neuron is sheathed in a smooth layer of fatty proteins.
Myelinization
206
How much faster do impulses travel along a myelinated pathway
Three times faster
207
The lack of stimulation, which leads to death of neurons
Synaptic Pruning
208
What is the cerebral cortex responsible for
Perception, thought, and planning
209
Separation of functions in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Lateralization
210
What functions are on the left side of the brain
Language and positive emotions
211
What functions are on the right side of the brain
Spatial reasoning and negative emotions
212
Due to common experiences that fine-tune the brain such as hearing voices or seeing faced
Experience-expectant plasticity
213
Due to individual's unique set of experiences that fine-tune the brain such as extensive training in music
Experience -dependent plasticity
214
Reaction to cheek/mouth touched
rooting
215
Startle response causes back arching, rapid closing of arms and legs
moro
216
Toes fan, foot arches when sole is stroked
Babinski
217
Reflex when something touches palm
grasping
218
What causes the decline of newborn's reflexes
Maturation of the cerebral cortex
219
Two types of grasps
palmer and pincer
220
The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors--the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
Sensation
221
The interpretation of what is sensed
Perception
222
When does considerable sensory and perceptual development take place
in the first 2 years
223
Ability to tell objects apart using touch
Haptic discrimination
224
A method used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli
Visual preference method
225
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
Habituation
226
Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
Dishabituate
227
What do babies prefer to look at
patterns over colors
228
How is baby's vision at birth
Very nearsighted
229
At what age is a baby's vision similar to adult vision
6 months
230
At what age can babies see color
6 months
231
Who considered infants scientists
Piaget
232
And organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning
Scheme or schema
233
Cognitive structure or cognitive representation
Cognitive schema
234
Integration into a cognitive schema
Assimilation
235
Accommodate an old scheme to a new object
Accommodation
236
Name two things that Piaget included in the process of developmental change
Assimilation and adaptation
237
The main focus of Piaget's cognitive development theory
The interaction of the organisms and the environment
238
What are the six sub-stages of the sensorimotor stage
1) newborn reflexes
2) primary circular reactions
3) secondary circular reactions
4) coordination of secondary circular reactions
5) tertiary circular reactions
6) problem-solving through mental combinations
239
Substage that uses simple reflexive schemes
Sub-stage 1 Newborn reflexes
240
Sub-stage that involves First habits and focuses on the infants own body
sub-stage two primary circular reactions
241
Substage that focuses on exploring objects using repetitive actions focused on the quality of Objects
Sub-stage III secondary circular reactions
242
Substage that focuses goal directed behavior
Substage for coordination of secondary circular reactions
243
Substage in which the infant systematically modifies their behavior in subtle ways to explore the effects of those modifications. creative problem-solving
Substage five tertiary circular reaction
244
Substage that is the beginning of thoughts using symbols represent reality
Substage six problem-solving through mental combinations
245
At what age does substage one, newborn reflexes, occur
Birth to one month
246
At what age is substage two, first habits and primary circular reactions
1 to 4 months
247
What age is sub-stage three secondary circular reactions
4 to 8 months
248
At what age is sub-stage four coordination of secondary circular reactions
8 to 12 months
249
At what age is sub-stage five, tertiary circular reactions
12 to 18 months
250
At what age is substage six, problem-solving to mental combinations
18 to 24 months
251
Imitation that occurs after a delay
Deferred imitation
252
In what substage can you find deferred imitation
Substage six problem-solving through mental combinations
253
The concept that objects continue to exist in time and space even if we cannot see, hear or touch them
Object permanence
254
At what age did Piaget say object permanence begins
7 to 8 months
255
At what age do you new studies show object permanence to begin
3 to 4 months
256
Infants tendency to search in the first hiding spot while ignoring the second
A not B error
257
What theory focuses on the infant as a computer
Information processing theory
258
What development does information processing theory focus on
Attention, memory and symbolic understanding
259
In the information processing theory how do scientists assess or the categorization skills
Habituation
260
Something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible
Symbolic representation
261
What are the four basic needs for toilet training
1) Control of elimination
2) cognitive development/understanding the concept
3) social emotional development/independence and accomplishment
4) support, encouragement and acceptance
262
Integration of input from all senses
Multimodal perception
263
Over time infants become less sensitive to sounds that are not in the typical environment
Perceptual tuning
264
The smallest unit of meaningful sound in the language
phonemes
265
What sound perception is there in an infant from 1 to 4 months
Categorical perception of phonemes
266
Bronfenbrenner theory of child development
Ecological theory
