Final Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Explain the difference between the growth of boys and girls in middle childhood
A
Boys are slightly larger than girls at the beginning of this period, then girls undergo the growth spurt of adolescence at an earlier age and tend to be larger than boys by the end of middle childhood
2
Q
How many inches do children grow during the elementary school years
A
2-3 inches a year
3
Q
How much weight on average does a child gain during middle childhood
A
5-7 pounds a year
4
Q
what is the growth difference between African American children and White children
A
African American children grow faster and by age 6 African American girls have more muscle and bone mass than white or hispanic girls.
5
Q
What is the growth difference between hispanic girls and white girls
A
Hispanic girls have more body fat
6
Q
How many calories per day do children need
A
1600-2400
7
Q
Daily food intake should include a high level of what type of nutrient
A
complex carbohydrates
8
Q
What are the important brain developmental features of middle childhood
A
New synapses are formed and pruned
Development of the frontal cortex
Lateralization continues
corpus callosum grows
9
Q
In developing countries, how many children under 5 years old are underweight due to malnourishment
A
174 million
10
Q
In developing countries, how many children under 5 years have stunted growth due to malnourishment
A
230 million
11
Q
What percent of the 12.2 million deaths of children under 5 in developing countries each year are associated with malnutrition
A
54%
12
Q
Why have tooth decay rates declined in recent years
A
Fluoride use and proper dental care
13
Q
A child whose weight, in comparison with height, was in the 95th percentile
A
Obese
14
Q
Causes of obesity
A
Issues with leptin
Genetic and hormonal factors
Environment
15
Q
A hormone that governs production of protein, which helps regulate body fat
A
Leptin
16
Q
In middle childhood, who can children engage in a wider range of motor activities than preschoolers
A
Improved motor development
17
Q
What kind of play is engaged in middle childhood
A
rough and tumble play
18
Q
What percent of schoolchildren’s play is rough and tumble
A
10%
19
Q
Why does rough and tumble play diminish
A
children engage in play with rules
20
Q
Why is middle childhood thought to be a relatively healthy period
A
Most children are immunized against major illnesses and the death rate is the lowest in the lifespan
21
Q
Illnesses that last a short time
A
Acute medical conditions
22
Q
Illnesses or impairments that persist for at least three months
A
Chronic medical conditions
23
Q
What is the leading cause of death in middle childhood
A
Accidents
24
Q
Where do accidents occur
A
Automobiles, at home, or in and around school
25
Which children are more likely to get hurt
Clumsy children
26
What percentage of boys were unable to tell if a gun was real or not
50%
27
What is the most common vision impairment
Myopia or nearsightedness
28
What is a less common visual impairment
Hyperopia farsightedness
29
Eyes are not properly aligned with each other
Strabismus
30
What types of children are the most at risk for visual problems
Children born preterm
31
What percent of children have some hearing loss
15%
32
Who is more likely to have learning disabilities
Boys
33
What is the most common learning disability
Dyslexia
34
What is significant about brain patterns and dyslexia
During the reading those who have dyslexia have different brainwave patterns compared to those who do not
35
What part of the brain shows a typical functioning when reading with dyslexia
Left side of the cerebral cortex especially the temporal lobe
36
What do identical twin studies show about the causes of learning disabilities
They show a genetic component
37
Where are ERPs of strong readers concentrated
In the left hemisphere
38
What do the electrophysiological studies of strong readers indicate
Left hemisphere dysfunction and reduced brain lateralization are related to reading problems
39
Do most children outgrow learning disabilities
No
40
What may curriculum modifications for children in special education include
Breaking tasks into smaller steps or allowing more time to finish schoolwork or exams
41
Involves ongoing inattention or hyperactivity – impulsivity and multiple settings
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
42
When is ADHD usually diagnosed
After school entry
43
What do neural imaging studies show in the brain of a child with ADHD
Differences in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
44
What may reduce symptoms of ADHD by increasing inhibitory control of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex
Stimulant drugs
45
What is the usual treatment for ADHD
Stimulant medication, counseling or therapy, and a behavior management plan at school
46
What is the age of Piaget's concrete operational stage
7 to 11 years old
47
What are the 5 characteristics of Piaget's concrete operational stage
Can think in a more logical fashion, can reverse operations, works in a mentally more flexible manner, are able to assume other's view points, but cannot reason abstractly
48
What are the four parts of concrete operational thinking
Began to solve conservation problems, can solve senation problems, development of classification skills, understanding of class inclusion
49
The ability to classify in order of size
Senation
50
What is the limitation of concrete operational thought
Need to have the concrete objects in sight to reason about them
51
What is the flaw we now see in Piaget's theory
Evidence indicates that he underestimated children's abilities. Their performance maybe more tied to particular or contexts.many of the tasks attributed by Piaget to middle childhood are mastered at earlier stage
52
What theory views a child's mind as analogous to a computer
Information processing theory
53
What are the three emphasis of information processing theory
Attention, processing speed, and memory
54
The ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others
Selective attention
55
At what period does selective attention dramatically improve
From preschool years to age 8
56
In middle childhood what are children most likely to do with their attentional behavior
Plan and organize
57
What type of memory improves in middle childhood
Short-term memory
58
What is size of memory or digit span
Number of items that a person can hold in short-term memory
59
How many digits can a person hold in short-term memory at age 5
Four items
60
How many digits can a person hold in short-term memory at age 9
Six items
61
What are the memory strategies
Rehearsal, organization, and elaboration
62
Creating a meaning between two objects
Elaboration
63
Awareness that you are using your memory. Knowledge about memory itself including awareness of one's own memory skills
Metamemory
64
Different skills considered separate aspects of general intelligence
Hierarchal model of intelligence
65
Ratio of mental age to chronological age
Intelligence quotient
66
What is the average intelligence quotient score at each age
100
67
A measure of dispersion of scores used to classify scores
Standard deviation
68
What is the stability of an IQ score
High degree of stability of score over time
69
How many points difference is there between black and white children on IQ
10 points
70
Where do you Hispanic children fall in the range of IQ scores between black and white children
In the middle
71
What is an explanation for the difference in the IQ scores per culture
Cultural bias of the test itself
72
What happens to a child's IQ score when their environment supports intellectual skill development
Their IQs are higher
73
What is significant about IQ scores of black children adopted into white families
They were higher
74
What parental characteristic is correlated with children's IQ scores
Parental educational level
75
What did most researchers endorse as the cause for intelligence level
A combination of both genetic and environmental interactions
76
Theory that states intelligence consists of three forms
Sternberg's triarchic theory
77
What are the three components of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
78
Type of intelligence referring to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare and contrast
Analytical intelligence
79
Intelligence consisting of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine
Creative intelligence
80
Type of intelligence involving the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice
Practical intelligence
81
Siri that states that intelligence is composed of many separate and independent elements
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
82
What are the seven and the show categories of Gardners theory of multiple intelligences
Linguistic, number, musical, visual arts, bodily movements, social, scientific
83
What are the three pieces of evidence to support the gardeners theory of multiple intelligences
Each area is associated with the part of the brain
There are prodigies in each area
Each exhibits a distinctive developmental trajectory
84
How many words does a child have in their vocabulary at age 6
10,000 words
85
How many words does a child have in their vocabulary at age 11
40,000 words
86
What words are they more likely to learn
Words that they here or that matter to them
87
What is an important part of language that children start to understand in middle childhood that helps them to appreciate jokes
The ambiguity in language
88
The ability to use language to achieve very canes in different circumstances
Pragmatic skills
89
What are two important language skills that children develop during middle childhood
Pragmatic skills and persuasive skills
90
Better understanding of how to sway parents and other people
Persuasive skills
91
What are the five stages of learning to read according to Chall
Stage 0 ages 0-6 years- old letter recognition and pre-reading
Stage one ages 7 to 8 years old- translate letters and sounds into words
Stage two ages 9 to 14 years old- fluency gained
Stage 3 also 9-14 years old- ability to acquire information from print
Stage 4 14-18- learn to coordinate multiple perspectives
92
What are the three methods for teaching literary skills
Whole language approach, basic skills approach, unified approach
93
Teaches reading of entire words from the onset
Whole language approach
94
Emphasizes awareness of the sound patterns of language
Basic skills approach
95
Combines both reading an entire words and awareness of the sound patterns of language
Unified approach
96
What are the two common approaches to second language instruction
English as a second language and bilingual approach
97
Classes taught entirely in English to children who speak another language
English as a second language
98
Instruction in both English and native language
Bilingual approach
99
Fluency in a second language is added to competence and native language
Additive language development methods
100
How many years does it take to speak a second language well enough to meet practical challenges in daily life
2 to 5 years
101
How many years does it take to learn english well enough to be able to do academic work in English
4 to 7 years
102
What area of the brain involves processing first and second languages
Broca's area
103
What part of the brain do you neural imaging studies show active when native English speakers read English
Broca's area and frontal cortex of the left hemisphere
104
What affects the brain organization
Timing of exposure
105
What part of the brain do native signers activate when signing
Both the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere as well as Broca's area
106
At what age do most children in the United States start school
Five
107
What is the percent of primary school enrollment worldwide
82%
108
What are the variables that may affect a child being enrolled in school
War, poverty, disease, gender and so on
109
What are some influences on school achievement
Affluence versus poverty, parental education and attitude, residential stability
110
Is physical development more or less rapid in middle childhood?
Less
111
In middle childhood children still describe themselves in terms of
External features
112
Besides external features in middle childhood children describe themselves by these additional features
They compare themselves to peers
More focus on internal life ( i'm nice, I'm kind)
Describe psychological characteristics
113
Harter's six major components of self-concept
```
Global self-esteem
Scholastic competence
Social acceptance
Physical appearance
Athletic competence
Behavioral conduct
```
114
The five components of ethnic identity
```
Ethnic self identification
Ethnic constancy
Ethnic role behavior
Ethnic knowledge
Ethnic feelings and preferences
```
115
During The end of middle childhood what concepts do children start to develop
They begin to integrate race and ethnicity
| They also start thinking of self in terms of romantic and sexual attraction
116
What type of parental attachment are more likely to behave in socially approved ways
Secure parental attachment
117
Joint planning and regulation
Coregulation
118
Reduced monitoring and guidance and parents are under stress
Minimal parenting
119
Children at the end of middle childhood start to develop what ideas about morality
increased focus on intention rather than outcome
Increasing differentiation among different domains
Increasingly give different judgments across different issues and context
Highly developed idea about right and wrong
120
How many years after divorce do most families regain some level of stability
2 to 3 years
121
What are the factors affecting a child's response to divorce
Age and temperament, quality of parenting, intervention in the legal system
122
What is the fastest growing group of unmarried mothers
Employed college educated women
123
What are three main problems for custodial grandparents
They have more stressors, they are more likely to be poor, and they have no health insurance
124
What type of method is used to determine status in a peer group
Sociometric method
125
Two groups each with its own distinctive profile
Sociometrically popular
126
Children that are loved or hated
Sociometricly controversial
127
Children who tend to be disruptive, inattentive, aggressive
Sociometrically rejected
128
Children who tend to be overlooked by peers
Sociometrically neglected
129
This is the least stable of all the sociometric categories
Sociometrically neglected
130
This sociometric category usually predicts later problem such as drug abuse and depression
Sociometrically rejected
131
Peter category of children that has typical behavior for their age
Sociometrically average
132
Reflects the compatibility between a specific child and specific environment
Sociometric status
133
Which type of children are most likely to be bullied
Children who have unusual physical characteristics or who appear vulnerable
134
What is a deterrent to bullying
Helping children create friendships
135
Which had the families are the heaviest TV users
Low income families
136
What is television viewing a good predictor of
Weight gain
137
What are the four strategies for safe television viewing
School program such as TV turn off week
Parental control
Government regulation
Technology such as the V-chip
138
What are the most common fears of school-age children
Dark and burglars
139
What percentage of children develop anxiety disorders
10%
140
What are the characteristics of children with school phobia
They have low expectations about their coping skills, and tend to become anxious and upset in ambiguous situations
141
At what age do boys and girls start to engage in relational aggression
As early as three years old
142
What contributes to the development of chronic aggressive behavior according to Dodge and Pettit's biosocial model
Predispositions, socio-cultural context, and peer experiences
143
What are the four factors that contribute to resiliency
Warm secure parental relationship
Supportive teachers
Strong self concepts
Peer friendships
