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ANA 110 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Vein that carries oxygen poor blood to the right atrium from the trunk and lower limbs

A

Inferior vena cava

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1
Q

Vein that carries oxygen poor blood to the right atrium from the upper limbs/neck/head

A

Superior vena cava

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2
Q

Pouch-like auricle on the anterior side of the heart that increases in volume as oxygen poor blood comes into the heart

A

Right atrium

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3
Q

Valve between the right atrium and ventricle that stays open when relaxed. It closes when the blood pressure in the ventricle exceeds that in the atrium

A

Tricuspid valve/ right atrioventricular valve

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4
Q

When blood pressure is high, the muscles here contract and push blood into the pulmonary trunk

A

Right ventricle

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5
Q

Pathway from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.

A

Pulmonary semi lunar valve

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6
Q

A “comb” of muscle that surrounds the atria

A

Pectinate muscles

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7
Q

Tendon-like cords that connect the atrioventricular valves to muscles in the ventricles. They tense up when the ventricles contract to close the valve and prevent regurgitation

A

Chordae tendonae

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8
Q

Muscles that pull the chordae tendonae and close the atrioventricular valves

A

Papillary muscles

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9
Q

What are the ABC’S of the heart?

A

Aorta
Brachiocephalic artery
Carotid artery
Subclavian artery

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10
Q

This heart feature once carried blood from the pulmonary trunk directly to the aorta. This functioned in utero only.

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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11
Q

Supplies blood to the right arm and side of head. Splits into the right carotid and right subclavian

A

Brachiocephalic artery

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12
Q

Artery that supplies blood to the left side of the neck and head

A

Carotid artery

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13
Q

Artery that supplies blood to the left arm

A

Subclavian artery

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14
Q

The serous pericardium is comprised of three layers. What are they?

A

Parietal layer
Pericardial fluid
Visceral layer

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15
Q

Two layers form the protective membrane. One is tough and one is delicate and filled with fluid. What are they?

A

Fibrous pericardium (dense irregular connective tissue) and serous pericardium (three layers)

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16
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium fuses to the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

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17
Q

Underneath the serous pericardium lies the heart wall, which is comprised of three layers. What are they?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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18
Q

Also known as the visceral layer, this is the outer layer of the heart wall

A

Epicardium

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19
Q

This second layer of the heart wall is the heart muscle, which forms the myocardial swirl

A

Myocardium

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20
Q

The most deep layer of the heart wall lines the insides of the chambers and valves, and also continue out into the arteries

A

Endocardium

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21
Q

Anatomical region between the lungs, from the spine to the sternum

A

Mediastinum

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22
Q

This is where oxygen rich blood collects before being pushed into the left ventricle

A

Left atrium

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23
Q

This valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle. It has 3 names

A

Bicuspid valve/left atrioventricular valve/ mitral valve

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24
Q

This is where oxygen rich blood collects before being pushed into the aortic semilunar valve

A

Left ventricle

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25
Q

Valve connecting the left ventricle to the aorta

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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26
Q

Supplies blood the trunk and lower half of the body

A

Descending aorta

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27
Q

Supplies blood to the lungs and intercostals

A

Thoracic aorta

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28
Q

Main artery extending below the diaphragm

A

Abdominal artery

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29
Q

Supplies blood to then stomach, spleen, liver, and pancreas

A

Celiac trunk artery

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30
Q

Supplies blood to the small intestines and part of the large intestine

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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31
Q

Supplies blood to the kidneys

A

Renal artery

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32
Q

Supplies blood to the large intestines

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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33
Q

Main artery branching into the innominate

A

Common iliac artery

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34
Q

Branches from the common iliac to supply blood to the “naughty bits”

A

Internal iliac artery

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35
Q

Branches off of the common iliac to supply blood to the iliac crest and surrounding areas

A

External iliac artery

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36
Q

Main artery that supplies blood to the legs

A

Femoral artery

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37
Q

Series of arteries and veins that circulate oxygen and nutrients to the heart

A

Coronary circulation

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38
Q

A chamber that is in a relaxed state is in _________

A

Diastole

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39
Q

A chamber that is in a contracted state is in ________

A

Systole

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40
Q

This is a recording of electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat

A

EKG (Electrocardiogram)

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41
Q

This wave of an EKG represents the depolarization of the atria

A

P wave

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42
Q

This wave of an EKG represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which masks atrial repolarization

A

QRS wave

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43
Q

This wave of an EKG represents the repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave

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44
Q

This wave of an EKG represents the period at which all atria and ventricles are in diastole

A

U wave

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45
Q

This electrical component sets the rhythm of the heartbeat (electrical excitation). It sits in the wall of the right atria

A

Sinoatrial node

46
Q

This electrical component sits in the floor of the right atrium. From here, nerves branch out into the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular node

47
Q

This is the state in which the atria are contracted and the ventricles are relaxed. This is also the end of ventricular diastole, as it is about to go into depolarization. The blood volume in the ventricles at this point is called the End Diastolic Volume

A

Atrial systole

48
Q

This is the state in which the two ventricles contract and the atria relax. Pressure rises sharply in the ventricles, causing blood to be ejected into semilunar valves. blood left in the ventricles at this point is the End Systolic Volume

A

Ventricular systole

49
Q

At this point, the ventricles are relaxed (and so are the atria). Any backflow at this point closes the semilunar valves

A

Ventricular diastole

50
Q

This is the volume of blood ejected from the heart each minute. This includes blood being ejected to the lungs as well as to the body

A

Cardiac output

51
Q

Equation for finding cardiac output?

A

stroke volume x heart rate = CO

52
Q

How much blood circulates through the body per minute?

A

4.6-5.6 Liters

53
Q

Innermost layer of a vessel’s wall. It has three layers: most deep is endothelium, then basement membrane, then internal elastic lamina.

A

Tunica interna

54
Q

Middle layer of a vessel’s wall. It has two layers:

most deep is smooth muscle and then external elastic lamina.

A

Tunica media

55
Q

Outer layer of a vessel’s wall. It is made of elastic and collagen fibers. Its main function is to anchor blood vessels to surrounding tissues.

A

Tunica externa

56
Q

How could you distinguish a vein from an artery?

A

Veins do not have elastic lamina and are more collapsable. Arteries have thick tunica externa and media for better blood pressure control.

57
Q

This type of artery is found in the aorta. The tunica media is heavily comprised of elastic fibers

A

Elastic artery

58
Q

This type of artery is found in most major arteries surrounding the heart. they are needed for major vasoconstriction and dialation.

A

Muscular artery

59
Q

This type of artery is smaller and are continuations of major arteries. They connect to capillaries and only have a tunica media and externa.

A

Arterioles

60
Q

Anastomoses

A

Alternate routes for blood flow

61
Q

Thin layer of muscle cells that control how much blood flows through the capillaries by opening and closing. Main function of this is to direct blood where it is most needed

A

Capillary sphincters

62
Q

These types of capillaries can be found in the blood-brain barrier. they only allow certain materials to pass through their walls.

A

Continuous capillaries

63
Q

These types of capillaries can be found in most places in the body. They have fenestrations, or little windows, that allow exchange of a wider variety of materials

A

Fenestrated capillaries

64
Q

These types of capillaries can be found in organs like the liver and kidneys. They have very large fenestrations in order to filter out any bad materials.

A

Sinusoid capillaries

65
Q

The main job of venules is _________

A

Absorption

66
Q

The main job of arterioles is ____________

A

Filtration

67
Q

How can venules absorb things?

A

After filtration, what is left over are large proteins called plasma proteins. The size of these proteins cause outer materials to be sucked into the venules (think diffusion)

68
Q

Using vessel types, describe blood flow

A

Oxygen rich blood→ elastic artery→ muscular artery→ arteriole→ continuous capillary→ fenestrated capillary→ venule→ medium vein→ large vein→ vena cava→ right atrium!

69
Q

Veins have valves throughout them. Why?

A

Blood flow back to the heart is dependent on muscle pumps. When there is no pumping going on, these valves prevent blood from flowing backward.

70
Q

What is a vascular sinus? Give an example.

A

A vascular sinus is a vein with just a thin endothelial wall and it cannot change in diameter. An example would be the coronary sinus.

71
Q

This type of muscle compression occurs with day to day movements, and ‘milks’ blood back to the heart

A

Skeletal muscle pump

72
Q

This type of muscle compression accompanies breathing. The diaphragm moves downward during inhalation, increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity and pushing the blood upward.

A

Respiratory pump

73
Q

Blood can be diverted quickly in the emergency of massive blood loss. It is stored for this purpose in __________

A

systemic veins and venules

74
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

Opposition of blood flow due to friction between blood and walls of vessels

75
Q

What factors can increase blood resistance?

A

Size of lumen, blood viscosity, and length of the blood vessel

76
Q

What regulates blood pressure?

A

the medulla oblongata, autonomic system (sympathetic and parasympathetic), neural regulation (baroreceptors and chemoreceptors), and hormones

77
Q

The sympathetic autonomic system _______ bp, and the parasympathetic autonomic system ________ bp VIA THE ____ nerve

A

increases, decreases, vagus

78
Q

Baroreceptors measure the _____________ and chemoreceptors measure the _________ composition of the blood

A

blood pressure, chemical

79
Q

Chemoreceptors pick up on bad changes in blood composition. Bad changes include _______ of oxygen, _________ of carbon dioxide, and ________ of H+

A

decreased levels, increased levels, increased levels

80
Q

This condition occurs when the blood is too acidic. This will lead to organ failure

A

acidosis

81
Q

This hormone stimulates an increased blood resistence, an increase in sodium and water absorption, all to increase bp.

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

82
Q

These hormones (found in adrenal gland) stimulate vasoconstriction in a few arterioles and veins, and stimulates vasodilation in skeletal muscle arterioles

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

83
Q

This hormone stimulates vasoconstriction to increase bp

A

Antidiuretic hormone

84
Q

This hormone stimulates vasodilation and loss of salt and water to decrease bp

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

85
Q

Name all the arteries used to go from the heart to the hand

A

Brachiocephalic (right side only) → subclavian→ axillary→ brachial→ radial/ulnar→ palmar arch

86
Q

Name all the arteries used to go from the heart to the brain

A

Common carotid→ internal carotid

87
Q

Name all the arteries used to go from the heart to the head/face

A

Common carotid→ external carotid

88
Q

Name all the arteries used to go from the heart to the foot

A

Descending aorta→ thoracic aorta→ abdominal aorta→ external iliac→ femoral→ popliteal→ anterior/posterior tibial→ dorsal arch

89
Q

The carotid sinus is home to what neural cells?

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

90
Q

Identify the arteries that supply blood to the following:

  • lungs and intercostals
  • spleen, pancreas, and stomach
  • small intestines
  • large intestines
  • kidneys
  • naughty bits
  • iliac crest
A
  • thoracic aorta
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric
  • inferior mesenteric
  • renal
  • internal iliac
  • external iliac
91
Q

If you measure pulse in the following places, which artery are you feeling?

  • wrist
  • elbow
  • neck
  • foot
A
  • radial
  • brachial
  • carotid
  • dorsal
92
Q

blood pressure ____________ as you move further away from the heart

A

decreases

93
Q

________ blood pressure is the highest arterial pressure during systole

A

Systolic

94
Q

_________ blood pressure is the lowest arterial pressure during diastole

A

Diastolic

95
Q

Rapid resting heart rate is also called _________

A

tachycardia

96
Q

Weak resting heart rate is called __________

A

bradycardia

97
Q

What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer

98
Q

Pulse Pressure= _______ - ________

A

Systolic bp - diastolic bp

99
Q

Name all superficial veins

A

Median cubital, basilic, cephalic, greater saphenous, lesser saphenous

100
Q

Name all the veins used to go from the brain to the heart

A

Internal jugular→ brachiocephalic→ superior vena cava

101
Q

Name the desirable IV spots

A
  • lower cephalic vein
  • accessory cephalic vein
  • basilic vein
  • dorsal metacarpal vein
102
Q

What goes on in the cubital fossa?

A

This is where the basilic and cephalic veins branch out. this is a very common IV site and place to draw blood.

103
Q

True or false?

Every artery has a venous partner

A

True!

104
Q

A patient needing long term treatments such as chemotherapy, extended antibiotic therapy, or total nutrition may require a _____________. Why?

A

Peripherally inserted central catheter. This PICC line is a more permanent access to a vein and prevents destruction of the vein.

105
Q

Name popular sites to place a PICC line

A

Basilic vein, dorsal metacarpal vein, brachiocephalic vein, femoral vein.

106
Q

It is popular to take a segment from a _______ vein to use for coronary bypass

A

saphenous

107
Q

This feature directs venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs/spleen to the liver before it returns to the heart

A

Hepatic portal vein

108
Q

Once venous blood goes through the liver and is clean, it goes back to the heart via the _______ vein

A

Hepatic

109
Q

Why is hepatic portal circulation important?

A

It filters the blood and rids it of bad materials and wastes!

110
Q

The left coronary artery branches into what?

A

circumflex→anterior interventricular branch

111
Q

The right coronary artery branches into what?

A

marginal → posterior interventricular branch

112
Q

Stroke volume=

A

EDV-ESV

ANA 110 (3 decks)

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