Exam 1 Flashcards
(113 cards)
0
Q
Vein that carries oxygen poor blood to the right atrium from the trunk and lower limbs
A
Inferior vena cava
1
Q
Vein that carries oxygen poor blood to the right atrium from the upper limbs/neck/head
A
Superior vena cava
2
Q
Pouch-like auricle on the anterior side of the heart that increases in volume as oxygen poor blood comes into the heart
A
Right atrium
3
Q
Valve between the right atrium and ventricle that stays open when relaxed. It closes when the blood pressure in the ventricle exceeds that in the atrium
A
Tricuspid valve/ right atrioventricular valve
4
Q
When blood pressure is high, the muscles here contract and push blood into the pulmonary trunk
A
Right ventricle
5
Q
Pathway from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.
A
Pulmonary semi lunar valve
6
Q
A “comb” of muscle that surrounds the atria
A
Pectinate muscles
7
Q
Tendon-like cords that connect the atrioventricular valves to muscles in the ventricles. They tense up when the ventricles contract to close the valve and prevent regurgitation
A
Chordae tendonae
8
Q
Muscles that pull the chordae tendonae and close the atrioventricular valves
A
Papillary muscles
9
Q
What are the ABC’S of the heart?
A
Aorta
Brachiocephalic artery
Carotid artery
Subclavian artery
10
Q
This heart feature once carried blood from the pulmonary trunk directly to the aorta. This functioned in utero only.
A
Ligamentum arteriosum
11
Q
Supplies blood to the right arm and side of head. Splits into the right carotid and right subclavian
A
Brachiocephalic artery
12
Q
Artery that supplies blood to the left side of the neck and head
A
Carotid artery
13
Q
Artery that supplies blood to the left arm
A
Subclavian artery
14
Q
The serous pericardium is comprised of three layers. What are they?
A
Parietal layer
Pericardial fluid
Visceral layer
15
Q
Two layers form the protective membrane. One is tough and one is delicate and filled with fluid. What are they?
A
Fibrous pericardium (dense irregular connective tissue) and serous pericardium (three layers)
16
Q
Which layer of the serous pericardium fuses to the fibrous pericardium?
A
Parietal layer
17
Q
Underneath the serous pericardium lies the heart wall, which is comprised of three layers. What are they?
A
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
18
Q
Also known as the visceral layer, this is the outer layer of the heart wall
A
Epicardium
19
Q
This second layer of the heart wall is the heart muscle, which forms the myocardial swirl
A
Myocardium
20
Q
The most deep layer of the heart wall lines the insides of the chambers and valves, and also continue out into the arteries
A
Endocardium
21
Q
Anatomical region between the lungs, from the spine to the sternum
A
Mediastinum
22
Q
This is where oxygen rich blood collects before being pushed into the left ventricle
A
Left atrium
23
Q
This valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle. It has 3 names
A
Bicuspid valve/left atrioventricular valve/ mitral valve
24
This is where oxygen rich blood collects before being pushed into the aortic semilunar valve
Left ventricle
25
Valve connecting the left ventricle to the aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
26
Supplies blood the trunk and lower half of the body
Descending aorta
27
Supplies blood to the lungs and intercostals
Thoracic aorta
28
Main artery extending below the diaphragm
Abdominal artery
29
Supplies blood to then stomach, spleen, liver, and pancreas
Celiac trunk artery
30
Supplies blood to the small intestines and part of the large intestine
Superior mesenteric artery
31
Supplies blood to the kidneys
Renal artery
32
Supplies blood to the large intestines
Inferior mesenteric artery
33
Main artery branching into the innominate
Common iliac artery
34
Branches from the common iliac to supply blood to the "naughty bits"
Internal iliac artery
35
Branches off of the common iliac to supply blood to the iliac crest and surrounding areas
External iliac artery
36
Main artery that supplies blood to the legs
Femoral artery
37
Series of arteries and veins that circulate oxygen and nutrients to the heart
Coronary circulation
38
A chamber that is in a relaxed state is in _________
Diastole
39
A chamber that is in a contracted state is in ________
Systole
40
This is a recording of electrical changes that accompany the heartbeat
EKG (Electrocardiogram)
41
This wave of an EKG represents the depolarization of the atria
P wave
42
This wave of an EKG represents the depolarization of the ventricles, which masks atrial repolarization
QRS wave
43
This wave of an EKG represents the repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
44
This wave of an EKG represents the period at which all atria and ventricles are in diastole
U wave
45
This electrical component sets the rhythm of the heartbeat (electrical excitation). It sits in the wall of the right atria
Sinoatrial node
46
This electrical component sits in the floor of the right atrium. From here, nerves branch out into the ventricles
Atrioventricular node
47
This is the state in which the atria are contracted and the ventricles are relaxed. This is also the end of ventricular diastole, as it is about to go into depolarization. The blood volume in the ventricles at this point is called the End Diastolic Volume
Atrial systole
48
This is the state in which the two ventricles contract and the atria relax. Pressure rises sharply in the ventricles, causing blood to be ejected into semilunar valves. blood left in the ventricles at this point is the End Systolic Volume
Ventricular systole
49
At this point, the ventricles are relaxed (and so are the atria). Any backflow at this point closes the semilunar valves
Ventricular diastole
50
This is the volume of blood ejected from the heart each minute. This includes blood being ejected to the lungs as well as to the body
Cardiac output
51
Equation for finding cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate = CO
52
How much blood circulates through the body per minute?
4.6-5.6 Liters
53
Innermost layer of a vessel's wall. It has three layers: most deep is endothelium, then basement membrane, then internal elastic lamina.
Tunica interna
54
Middle layer of a vessel's wall. It has two layers:
| most deep is smooth muscle and then external elastic lamina.
Tunica media
55
Outer layer of a vessel's wall. It is made of elastic and collagen fibers. Its main function is to anchor blood vessels to surrounding tissues.
Tunica externa
56
How could you distinguish a vein from an artery?
Veins do not have elastic lamina and are more collapsable. Arteries have thick tunica externa and media for better blood pressure control.
57
This type of artery is found in the aorta. The tunica media is heavily comprised of elastic fibers
Elastic artery
58
This type of artery is found in most major arteries surrounding the heart. they are needed for major vasoconstriction and dialation.
Muscular artery
59
This type of artery is smaller and are continuations of major arteries. They connect to capillaries and only have a tunica media and externa.
Arterioles
60
Anastomoses
Alternate routes for blood flow
61
Thin layer of muscle cells that control how much blood flows through the capillaries by opening and closing. Main function of this is to direct blood where it is most needed
Capillary sphincters
62
These types of capillaries can be found in the blood-brain barrier. they only allow certain materials to pass through their walls.
Continuous capillaries
63
These types of capillaries can be found in most places in the body. They have fenestrations, or little windows, that allow exchange of a wider variety of materials
Fenestrated capillaries
64
These types of capillaries can be found in organs like the liver and kidneys. They have very large fenestrations in order to filter out any bad materials.
Sinusoid capillaries
65
The main job of venules is _________
Absorption
66
The main job of arterioles is ____________
Filtration
67
How can venules absorb things?
After filtration, what is left over are large proteins called plasma proteins. The size of these proteins cause outer materials to be sucked into the venules (think diffusion)
68
Using vessel types, describe blood flow
Oxygen rich blood→ elastic artery→ muscular artery→ arteriole→ continuous capillary→ fenestrated capillary→ venule→ medium vein→ large vein→ vena cava→ right atrium!
69
Veins have valves throughout them. Why?
Blood flow back to the heart is dependent on muscle pumps. When there is no pumping going on, these valves prevent blood from flowing backward.
70
What is a vascular sinus? Give an example.
A vascular sinus is a vein with just a thin endothelial wall and it cannot change in diameter. An example would be the coronary sinus.
71
This type of muscle compression occurs with day to day movements, and 'milks' blood back to the heart
Skeletal muscle pump
72
This type of muscle compression accompanies breathing. The diaphragm moves downward during inhalation, increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity and pushing the blood upward.
Respiratory pump
73
Blood can be diverted quickly in the emergency of massive blood loss. It is stored for this purpose in __________
systemic veins and venules
74
What is vascular resistance?
Opposition of blood flow due to friction between blood and walls of vessels
75
What factors can increase blood resistance?
Size of lumen, blood viscosity, and length of the blood vessel
76
What regulates blood pressure?
the medulla oblongata, autonomic system (sympathetic and parasympathetic), neural regulation (baroreceptors and chemoreceptors), and hormones
77
The sympathetic autonomic system _______ bp, and the parasympathetic autonomic system ________ bp VIA THE ____ nerve
increases, decreases, vagus
78
Baroreceptors measure the _____________ and chemoreceptors measure the _________ composition of the blood
blood pressure, chemical
79
Chemoreceptors pick up on bad changes in blood composition. Bad changes include _______ of oxygen, _________ of carbon dioxide, and ________ of H+
decreased levels, increased levels, increased levels
80
This condition occurs when the blood is too acidic. This will lead to organ failure
acidosis
81
This hormone stimulates an increased blood resistence, an increase in sodium and water absorption, all to increase bp.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
82
These hormones (found in adrenal gland) stimulate vasoconstriction in a few arterioles and veins, and stimulates vasodilation in skeletal muscle arterioles
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
83
This hormone stimulates vasoconstriction to increase bp
Antidiuretic hormone
84
This hormone stimulates vasodilation and loss of salt and water to decrease bp
Atrial natriuretic peptide
85
Name all the arteries used to go from the heart to the hand
Brachiocephalic (right side only) → subclavian→ axillary→ brachial→ radial/ulnar→ palmar arch
86
Name all the arteries used to go from the heart to the brain
Common carotid→ internal carotid
87
Name all the arteries used to go from the heart to the head/face
Common carotid→ external carotid
88
Name all the arteries used to go from the heart to the foot
Descending aorta→ thoracic aorta→ abdominal aorta→ external iliac→ femoral→ popliteal→ anterior/posterior tibial→ dorsal arch
89
The carotid sinus is home to what neural cells?
Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
90
Identify the arteries that supply blood to the following:
- lungs and intercostals
- spleen, pancreas, and stomach
- small intestines
- large intestines
- kidneys
- naughty bits
- iliac crest
- thoracic aorta
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric
- inferior mesenteric
- renal
- internal iliac
- external iliac
91
If you measure pulse in the following places, which artery are you feeling?
- wrist
- elbow
- neck
- foot
- radial
- brachial
- carotid
- dorsal
92
blood pressure ____________ as you move further away from the heart
decreases
93
________ blood pressure is the highest arterial pressure during systole
Systolic
94
_________ blood pressure is the lowest arterial pressure during diastole
Diastolic
95
Rapid resting heart rate is also called _________
tachycardia
96
Weak resting heart rate is called __________
bradycardia
97
What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
A sphygmomanometer
98
Pulse Pressure= _______ - ________
Systolic bp - diastolic bp
99
Name all superficial veins
Median cubital, basilic, cephalic, greater saphenous, lesser saphenous
100
Name all the veins used to go from the brain to the heart
Internal jugular→ brachiocephalic→ superior vena cava
101
Name the desirable IV spots
- lower cephalic vein
- accessory cephalic vein
- basilic vein
- dorsal metacarpal vein
102
What goes on in the cubital fossa?
This is where the basilic and cephalic veins branch out. this is a very common IV site and place to draw blood.
103
True or false?
| Every artery has a venous partner
True!
104
A patient needing long term treatments such as chemotherapy, extended antibiotic therapy, or total nutrition may require a _____________. Why?
Peripherally inserted central catheter. This PICC line is a more permanent access to a vein and prevents destruction of the vein.
105
Name popular sites to place a PICC line
Basilic vein, dorsal metacarpal vein, brachiocephalic vein, femoral vein.
106
It is popular to take a segment from a _______ vein to use for coronary bypass
saphenous
107
This feature directs venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs/spleen to the liver before it returns to the heart
Hepatic portal vein
108
Once venous blood goes through the liver and is clean, it goes back to the heart via the _______ vein
Hepatic
109
Why is hepatic portal circulation important?
It filters the blood and rids it of bad materials and wastes!
110
The left coronary artery branches into what?
circumflex→anterior interventricular branch
111
The right coronary artery branches into what?
marginal → posterior interventricular branch
112
Stroke volume=
EDV-ESV
