Exam 1 Flashcards
(214 cards)
0
Q
4 levels of organization (in order)
A
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
1
Q
What are the important properties of life
A
- order
- growth and development
- energy processing
- regulation
- response to the environment
- reproduction
2
Q
Cell represents
A
Basic unit of life
3
Q
Scientific method
A
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Collect and analyze data
- Accept or reject hypothesis
4
Q
Hypothesis
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Tentative explanation
5
Q
Theory
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Well sustained explanation
6
Q
Compare and contrast hypothesis and theory
A
A theory has been tested multiple times and is scientifically acceptable.
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Q
Hypothesis must be
A
Testable and falsifiable
8
Q
Difference between an element and a compound
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A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down
9
Q
Difference between essential elements and trace elements
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Essential elements comprise approx. 99.9% of organisms (maxi- and micro- nutrients) trace are in minute quantities
10
Q
What are the 6 elements that comprise organic molecules in cells
A
S, O, C, H, N, P
11
Q
What are the 5 ions found in cells
A
Ca, K, Na, Ch, Mg
12
Q
4 macromolecules
A
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
13
Q
3 subatomic particles
A
Protons, neutrons, electrons
14
Q
Positively charged?
A
Protons
15
Q
Negatively charged?
A
Electrons
16
Q
Uncharged
A
Neutrons
17
Q
Protons located in
A
Nucleus
18
Q
Neutrons located in
A
Nucleus
19
Q
Electrons located?
A
Surrounding the nucleus
20
Q
Atomic #
A
Signifies the # of protons
21
Q
What else doesn’t the atomic # give
A
of electrons
22
Q
Why are elements naturally uncharged
A
of protons and neutrons are qual
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Q
Atomic mass
A
It represent # of protons and neutrons combined
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What happens if proton # is changed
Changes atomic # so it changes the element
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What happens when the # of neutron changes
Forms an isotope
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Isotopes
Variants of an atom with a diff atomic mass
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If N-14 and N-15 are isotopes what does that mean?
of neutrons are diff
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What happens to an element when electron number is changed
It will bond
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Election orbital order
2
8
8
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What is the outermost electron orbital called
Valence she'll
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What are the elections called in the outermost orbital called
Valence electrons
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What are 2 main reasons that "drive" elements to form bonds
To fill the outer shell or so they can be uncharged
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List the five major types of bonds in order
```
Nonpolar covalent
Polar Covalent
Ionic bonding
Hydrogen bonding
Van der waals
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What happens during a covalent bond
A molecule forms when two or more atoms share electrons
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Difference between no polar and polar covalent
Nonpolar involves equal sharing of eke tons. polar involves unequal
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Electro negativity
Refers to an atoms affinity to attract electrons
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Rank C H N and O based on electronegativity
O >N>C=H
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Be prepared to determine if a covalent bond between 2 elements is polar or no polar
N: s-s O-O N-N C-H
P: O-C and O-H
N-C and N-H
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What happens to elements that form polar covalent bonds?
Gain stability; higher electronegativity
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Which covalent bond does hydrogen bonding rely on?
Polar covalent
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Which covalent bond does van der waals rely on?
No polar covalent
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Describe hydrogen bonding
Occurs when an atom with a partial + charge is attracted to an atom w/ a partial - charge
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Describe van der waals
Bonds when electrons charge is not evenly distributed. Involved between no polar. It's very weak.
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Describe ionic bonding
Involved the attraction of oppositely charged ions. Ions form when elements gain or loss electrons to achieve a full outer orbital
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What are the two types of ions and which is + and -
Cation +
| Anion -
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How do cations form?
Lose or give away electrons
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Why do cations form?
Because there is either 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons
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How do anions form?
Steal or gain electrons
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Why do anions form?
B/c there is either 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons
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Properties of water
Cohesive behavior, ability to mod temp, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent, less dense as a solid than liquid
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Is water polar or nonpolar and why?
Polar hydrogen bonding water
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What does it mean to say that water is both cohesive and adhesive
It sticks to itself and other surfaces
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Why is waters ability to mod temp so important for life?
Evaporative cooling contributes to temp stability
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How does the hydrogen bonding of water molecules change with water changes from liquid to solid
Hydrogen bonding becomes more ordered as water solidifies
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Solution
A homogenous liquid mixture of two or more substances
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Solvent
Dissolving agent
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Solute
Dissolved substance
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Why is water such a good solvent?
Because it's good at dissolving substances
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Hydrophobic
"Water hating" nonpolar molecules. Doesn't dissolve in or interact with water
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Hydrophilic
"Water loving" polar and charged. Dissolved easily in water; interacts with water
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Acid
Releases H+; high H- concentration
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Base
Consume H+; low H- concentration
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What pH values are acidic
1-6
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What pH are alkaline
8-14
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What does pH measure)
Acidity
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Compare the hydrogen ion concentration of acidic and basic solutions
Hydrogen ion concentration increases as pH decreases, hydrogen ion concentration changes by 10^x where x is the pH value change
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Why is carbon used for life
Most versatile atom on earth (can form up to 4 covalent bonds) found in every organic compound; forms basis for all macromolecules; backbones can be linear, branched, or circular
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Hydrocarbon
Organic molecule that consist of just C and H
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Chemical formula
Gives the type and # of each element
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Structural formula
Gives the physical arrangement of each element
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Isomer
2 molecules that have the same chemical formula but diff structural formula
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3 types of isomers
Simple structural, cis trans, enantiomers
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Simple structural isomers
Simple re-arrangement of atoms
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What is required to have a cis trans isomer
Differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibly to double bonds
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Cis
The two Xs are on the SAME side
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Trans
2 Xs are on the OPPOSITE sides
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Enantiomers
Two molecules are considered "mirror images" typically observed with amino acids and "sugars" with diff groups attached to a central carbon
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What are enanti omers also called?
Optical isomers
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What are the 6 important functional groups
Amino, phosphate, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl
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What functional groups contain carbon
Carboxyl and carbonyl
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What functional groups contain hydrogen
All
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What functional groups contain nitrogen
Amino
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What functional groups contain oxygen
Phosphate, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl
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What functional groups contain sulfur
Sulfhydryl
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What functional groups contain phosphorus
Phosphate
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Compare and contrast the carbonyl and carboxyl groups
Both have double bond with oxygen but carboxyl has 2 oxygens
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Compare and contrast carboxyl and hydroxyl.
Hydroxyl doesn't have carbon
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What are the reactants in a chemical reaction
The starting materials
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Products
Result of a reaction
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What does it mean to say some chemical reactions are reversible
The can be the reactants or product
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What are the 4 important biological macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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Monomer
Single common subunit
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Polymer
Collection of monomers
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What happens during a dehydration reaction
Reactions combine monomers to produce polymers
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How is water involved in dehydration reaction
Takes away water, loss of water, water is removed
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How is energy involved in a dehydration reaction
It consumes energy
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What happens during an hydrolysis reaction
Break down polymers into monomers
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How is water involved in a hydrolysis reaction
It used water to break the polymer apart. Water is added
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How is energy involved in a hydrolysis reaction
Generates energy
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During which chemical reaction is a polymer the product
Dehydration
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During which chemical reaction is a polymer the reactant
Hydrolysis
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What is the polymer name for the macromolecules
Polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acids
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Identify the monomers that correspond to each macromolecule polymer
Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotide
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Identify the name for the connecting bond in each macromolecule polymer
Glycosidic, peptide, and phosphodiester
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Which macromolecules contain a carbonyl
Polysaccharide
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Which macromolecules contain a carboxyl
Protein
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Which macromolecules contain an amino acid
Protein
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Which macromolecules contain a phosphate
Nucleic acid
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Which macromolecules contain a hydroxyl
Nucleic acid
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What are the 3 types of lipss
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
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What is the composition of fats
Composed of glycerol and either 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids
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What is the composition of a fatty acid
Hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group
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What are the functions of fats?
Energy storage/ source; water repellent, protection, and insulation; lubricantion
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What are the water interaction properties of fats
Hydrophobic
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Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated are straight and linear unsaturated is bent and linked
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Which type of fatty acid contains a double covalent bond between carbons
Unsaturated
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Which type of fatty acid result in a more solid consistency?
Saturated
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Which type of fatty acid result in a more liquid consistency?
Unsaturated
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What is the composition of phospholipids
Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
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What is the major function of phospholipids
Forms bilayers in the cell membrane
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Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic
The polar phosphate head that stays on the outside
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What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic
The nonpolar fatty acid tail that's on the inside
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What is the composition of steroids
Group of lipids with 4 interconnected C rings
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What are the two types of steroids
Sterols and hormones
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What are the water interaction properties of steroids
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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Compare and contrast fats and phospholipids
Fats have 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids while phospholipids have 2 and have a phosphate group. Both have glycerol
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What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates
CH2O
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What is a monosaccharide
Basic unit of carbs it's the simplest sugar
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What is a polysaccharide
Long chains of monosaccharides
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What is the name of the specific bond that connects monosaccharides together in a polysaccharide
Glycosidic bond
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What is the functional group important in carbohydrates
Carbonyl and hydroxyl
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Where is the carbonyl group in Aldose
End
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Where is the carbonyl group in ketone
Middle
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What are the properties of an alpha glycosidic linkage
More flexible; helical structural; easily broken; storage molecules
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What are the properties of a beta glycosidic linkage
More rigid; linear structure; very stable structural molecules
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What are the properties of a storage polysaccharide
Starch in plants and glycogen in animals
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What are the properties of a structural polysaccharide
Cellulose in plant cell walls; chitin in fungal and Algal cell walls; Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls
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What is amylose
Unbranched starch in plants
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What is Amylopectin
Branched starch in plants
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Compare and contrast amylose and amylopectin
Amylose is unbranched and amylopectin is branched
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What kind of polysaccharide is starch
Storage in plants
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What kind a polysaccharide is glycogen
Storage in animals
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What kind a polysaccharide is cellulose
Structural in plant cell walls
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What kind of polysaccharide is chitin
Structural and fungal and Algal cell walls
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What kind of polysaccharide is Peptidoglycan
Structural in bacterial cell walls
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What are the potential functions of proteins
Enzymatic transport protection identification communication
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What is the monomer subunit of proteins
Amino acids
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How are proteins involved in chemical reactions
The build up of things like enzymes
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Why are proteins considered directional
They have a start and an end
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What term is used for the start of a protein
N-terminal
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Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the "beginning" of a protein
Amino
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What term is used for the "end of a protein"
C-terminal
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Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the "end" of a protein?
Carboxyl
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How many diff amino acids are naturally found in proteins?
20
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What are the 4 components of an amino acid?
Central carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, r-group
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What does the R group represent?
Variable
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What are the 4 levels of protein organization/structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
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What does protein structure represent
Primary: order of the amino acids from beginning to end
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What bond/ interaction holds primary structure together?
Peptide covalent bonds
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What does secondary structure represent?
Formation of localized folding of the peptide chain
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What are the two types of 2nd structure shapes?
Alpha helix and beta sheets
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What bonds/ interactions hold secondary structure together
Hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms
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What part of the protein chain participates in 2nd structure interactions
Peptide chain
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What does the tertiary structure represent
Overall 3D shape of a protein
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What bonds/ interactions hold tertiary structure together
Disulfide bonds, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der waals
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Which amino acid group participates in van der waals interactions?
R-group
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Rank the tertiary structure bonds/ interactions from strongest to weakest
Disulfide bonds, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der waals
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What part of the protein chain participates in the tertiary interactions
R group
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What does quaternary structure represent
Polypeptide interaction
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Denaturation
Refers to removal of quaternary tertiary and secondary structure
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Re-nature ration
Refers to allowing a protein to refold into its proper shape
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What to environmental changes will lead to protein denaturation
PH or temperature
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What is the name for proteins that help other proteins fold correctly
Chaperone
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What are the two types of nucleic acid
Rna and DNA
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What is the monomers of nucleic acid
Nuclear tides
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What are the three components to nucleotides
Phosphate groups five carbon sugar and nitrogenous bases
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Why are nucleic acid considered directional
They have a start and end in
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What term is used for the start of a nucleic acid
Five prime
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Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the beginning of a nucleic acid
Phosphate
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What term is used for the end of a nucleic acid
3 prime
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Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the end of a nucleic acid
Hydroxyl
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What is a nucleotide composition of DNA
Adenine thymine guanine cytosine
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Compare and contrast the nucleotide composition of DNA and RNA I
DNA has thymine RNA has uracil
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Why is a nucleotide composition of RNA
Adenine uracil guanine cytosine
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What specific five carbon sugar is found in DNA
Deoxyribose
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What specific five carbon sugar is found in RNA
Ribose
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What is the main function of DNA
Genetic info storage in cells and some viruses
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What are some functions of RNA
Genetics storage info in some viruses also is involved in protein production
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What are the structural properties of DNA
Simple secondary structure
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Complementary nature of DNA
Base Pairing
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What bond is important in base pairing
Hydrogen bonding
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How many hydrogen bonds connect AT base pair
2
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How many bonds connect to the GC base pair
3
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Which nucleotides are considered purines
Ag
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Nucleotides are considered pyrimidines
Ct
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What the phenomenon did Griffith observed
Transformation
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What Is the difference between r strain S strain
S is smooth appearance are had a rough appearance
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What happen when the r strain is injected into mice
The mouse lived
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What happen when the S strain was injected into the nice
It died
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What happens when the heat killed S train was injected into mice
Live mouse
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What happen when the heat killed S strain and the living r strain were mixed together before injecting into mice
Mouse died
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What did Avery Macleod and McCarty do
They had three experiments with DNA RNA and proteins. In the first they inserted DNase in the second rnase and the third protease no transformation was in the fest so DNA is required for transformation
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What did Hershey and Chase do
They worked with bacteria and a bacteriophage
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Lifecycle of a virus
Viruses are small acellular micro organisms are composed of nucleic acid contained within a protein coat viruses reproduce by injecting their genetic info into a host cell then the host cell makes new viruses
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What is the macromolecule composition of the viruses
Protein
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What radioactive element was used to label DNA
Phosphorus
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What radioactive element was used to label protein
Sulfur
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What instrument was used to separate cells from viruses
Centrifuge
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When viruses with radioactive DNA were mixed with bacterial cells then centrifuge where did the radioactivity end up
On the bottom
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When viruses with radioactive Protein were mixed with bacterial cells then centrifuge where did the radioactivity end up
Top
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What was chargaffs contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA
He studied the DNA composition of organisms
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Where is Franklin and Wilkins contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA
They use x-rays to photograph
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Watson and crick's contribution to the discovery of structure of DNA
Credited with the scuplting structure of DNA
