Exam 2 Flashcards
(161 cards)
0
Q
What was Leeuwenhoeks contribution to science
A
first observation of living microorganisms
1
Q
What was hooks contribution to science
A
First sell observation using cork. The cell was dead
2
Q
Compare the magnification potential of light and electronic microscopes
A
Electron has a higher magnification so you can see more
3
Q
Which type of cell is bigger
A
Eukaryotic
4
Q
Which type of cell is more complex
A
Eukaryotic
5
Q
Which type of cell contains a nucleus
A
EUK a RYOT I C
6
Q
Which type of cell contains organelles
A
Eukaryotic
7
Q
Describe the DNA chromosome in prokaryotic cells
A
Single and circular
8
Q
Describe the DNA chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
A
Multiple and linear
9
Q
What was Woeses contribution to science?
A
He used a specific DNA sequence as a basis for comparison for all types of cells. Used rRNA
10
Q
What are the 3 domains proposed by Woese?
A
Bacteria archaea and eukarya
11
Q
What did Rosie used to create the new phylogenic tree
A
A specific DNA sequence
12
Q
Is the importance of the plasma membrane
A
Permeability membrane
13
Q
What molecules can be components of the plasma membrane
A
Composed of phospholipids and proteins and sometimes Sterols
14
Q
What are the properties of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins that allow them to interact together?
A
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
15
Q
What is the function of ribosomes?
A
To make proteins found in the cytoplasm from amino acids
16
Q
What is the subunit composition of ribosomes?
A
Large and small subunit
17
Q
What is the composition of the large subunit?
A
Proteins and rnas
18
Q
What is the composition of the small subunit?
A
Proteins and RNAs
19
Q
What is the bacterial ribosome called?
A
70S
20
Q
What is the eukaryotic ro some called?
A
80S
21
Q
In which type of cell would the following structures be found: Nucleoid Nucleus Organelles Cytoplasm Cytosol Fimbriae Flagella Cell wall Capsule Cilia
A
P E E E E P B B P E
22
Q
What is the funtion of flagella?
A
Motility
23
Q
What is the function of fimbriae
A
Attachment
24
What is the function of cilia
Motility
25
What is the function of the cell wall?
Protection
26
What is function of capsules?
Protection
27
How is the nucleoid different than the nucleus?
Nucleoid a non-membrane and us organization of DNA; nucleus is a membrane-enclosed structure with specialized functions
28
What do Histone proteins do?
They compact and organize all DNA inside the nucleus
29
How is chromatin diff than chromosomes?
Chromosomes plus Histone proteins make up chromatin
30
Which organelle is specific to animal cells?
Lysosomes
31
Which organelle is specific to plant cells?
Chloroplasts and vacuoles
32
Which organelles are found in both animal and plant cells?
Nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, and mitochondria
33
Which organelles deal mostly with proteins?
Rough ER and Golgi
34
Which organelles deal mostly with carbs?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
35
Which organelle deals mostly with lipids
Smooth ER
36
Which organelles are double-membrane organelles?
Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
37
Which organelle is physically attached to the nucleus?
Rough ER
38
What is the small structure inside the nucleus called?
Nucleolus
39
What is the function of ribosomes
To make proteins
40
What is the function of the nucleolus
Assembles ribosomes
41
What is the composition of ribosomes?
Two subunits composed of proteins and RNAs
42
What are the two important cell processes involved DNA that occur inside that nucleus?
Replication and transcription
43
Where inside eukaryotic cells does DNA replication occur?
Nucleus
44
Where inside eukaryotic cells does does transcription occur?
Nucleus
45
What molecules and/or macromolecules can enter and leave the nucleus thru the nuclear pores?
RNA and certain proteins
46
What are the two main functions for the smooth ER mentioned in lecture?
Synthesis of lips and detoxification of poisons
47
What is the main function of he rough ER?
Produce secretory proteins ( protein factory)
48
What is the main function of the Golgi?
Modification of proteins, involved in protein trafficking (it's like Amazon)
49
What is the organization of the Golgi relative to the rough ER and plasma membrane?
It's the packaging and processing part for proteins
50
Which side of the Golgi is the cis and which is trans?
Cis is on side of rough ER and trans is plasma membrane
51
What is a vehicle
Transporting unit
52
How is a vesicles diff than an organelle
Vehicle doesn't really do much only involved in movement while the organelles are very important aspects to the cell
53
Describe endocytosis
Involved in the secretion of molecules into the surrounding environment
54
Describe exocytosis
Involved in the secretion of molecules from the environment
55
How are vesicles involved in endo and exocytosis
Vesicles are involved in the movement in or out
56
What is the main function of lysosomes
Digestion and Degradative processes ( breaking down)
57
What are 3 things that aid in the lysosomes in digestion
Hydrolysis enzyme, reactive molecule, and acidic interior
58
What are the two activities of the lysosomes?
Autopsy and phagocytosis
59
Describe autophagy
Digestion and recycling of damaged organelles
60
Describe phagocytosis
Digestion of engulfed cells or particles
61
What is the main function of the vacule in plant cells
Storage unit in plants
62
What was the contribution to science by Lynn margulis?
Endo symbiotic theory
63
What does the endo symbiotic theory state?
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have a very similar structures and functions to bacteria margulis thought since they were so similar they were once bacteria but a cell engolf them and took over
64
What pieces of evidence support the endosymbiotic theory?
The structure of the mitochondria and chloroplasts such as the double membrane organelles involved in aerobic respiration they contain their own ribosomes and chromosomal DNA and capable of independent division
65
What are the steps in protein trafficking?
1. Protein produced by ribosomes on rough ER
2. Protein leaves tough ER in vesicle
3. Enter the cis side of Golgi
4. Travel thru Golgi; leave Golgi in a vesicle
5. Travel to final destination
66
Which organelles are involved in protein trafficking before proteins reach their final destination?
Rough ER, Golgi, lysosomes
67
Where do proteins originate in this process?
Rough ER
68
Where do proteins travel to after leaving the rought ER?
Cis side of Golgi
69
In what structure do proteins travel from the rough ER to the Golgi?
Vesicle
70
Which side of the Golgi do proteins enter?
Cis
71
Which side of the Golgi do proteins leave from?
Trans
72
Where do proteins go after leaving the Golgi?
Lysosomes, insertion into plasma membrane, secretion outside into environment
73
In what structure do proteins travel after leaving the Golgi?
Vesicle
74
What are the 3 cytoskeleton protein filaments?
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, micro filaments
75
Which crypto skeletal protein filament is the biggest?
Microtubles
76
Which cytoskeleton protein filament is the smallest?
Microfilaments
77
What activity do all three cytoskeletal protein filaments have?
Support and structure
78
What protein are microtrubles composed of?
A and b tubulin
79
What are the three movement activities that use microtrubles
Vesicle movement, flagella/ cilia movement, and chromosome movement
80
Which motor protein is used for vesicle movement?
Kinesin
81
Which motor protein is used for flagella and cilia movement
Dynein
82
Which motor protein is used for chromosomes movement?
Kinetochores
83
What protein are microfilm ends composed of?
Actin
84
What are the 3 movement activities that use micro filaments?
Cell movement, animal cell division, and cytoplasmic streaming ( organelle movement)
85
What motor protein is used for microfilament associated movements?
Myosin
86
What does cytoplasmic streaming refer to?
Organelle movement
87
What is a pseudopodia and what does it do?
It's the ameboid movement
88
What is the function of intermediate filaments
Cell shape
89
What are the functions of the membrane?
Cell boundary, permeability barrier (transport control and electrical/chemical gradient), site for protein attachment/insertion
90
What is the major component of the membrane
Phospholipids
91
Hydrophilic
Interacts with water, likes water
92
Hydrophobic
"Scared" of water, doesn't like water
93
What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and and unsaturated fatty acid
Unsaturated is bent saturated is straight
94
Describe the characteristics of a membrane that only contain saturated fatty acid
If there are too many saturated acids since it will be hard and not permeable at all
95
Describe a membrane that only contains unsaturated fatty acid
It will be too liquidy
96
What role does cholesterol play in terms of the membrane
Affect /change membrane permeability
97
What are the two general types of membrane proteins
Peripheral and integral
98
Where are peripheral membrane proteins located
On the outside of the membrane
99
What are the potential activities of peripheral membrane proteins
Enzymatic, hydrolytic, communication, signaling, and recognition
100
Where are the integral membrane proteins located
On the inside of the membrane in between phospholipids
101
What are the potential activities of integral membrane proteins
Transportation
102
Define passive movement
No energy is required, molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
103
Define active movement
Energy is required molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
104
Compare and contrast passive and active movement
Passive results and dilution an active results and concentration
105
Which type of movement requires energy
Active
106
Which type of movement tries to dilute
Passive
107
Which type of movement tries to concentrate
Active
108
What is a solution
Solute plus solvent
109
What is a solute
solid
110
What is a solvent
"Liquid" normally water
111
What are the three types of passive movement?
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
112
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration
113
Define simple diffusion
Solutes move through the membrane unassisted
114
Define facilitated diffusion
Solutes move through a transport protein in the membrane
115
Compare and contrast simple and facilitated diffusion
Simple is unassisted
116
Which type of diffusion requires transport proteins
Facilitated
117
When our at what point does diffusion stop
When it reaches an equilibrium
118
What kinds of molecules are freely diffusible
Small nonpolar and polar compounds
119
What kinds of molecules are not able to freely cross the membrane
Large or uncharged molecules
120
Define osmosis
Water moves through the membrane unassisted high to low
121
Define hypotonic solution
Solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside of the cell
122
Define isotonic solution
solute concentration outside the cell is equal to inside the cell
123
Define hypertonic solution
Solute centration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell
124
Which direction will water move when A cell is in a hypotonic solution
Into
125
What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution
Leads to osmotic lysis
126
Which direction water move when A cell is in a hypertonic solution
Out
127
What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution
Plasmolysis
128
Which direction will water move when A cell is an iso tonic solution
It won't
129
What happens to the cell in an iso tonic solution
Equilibrium
130
What is osmotic lysis
The influx of water into a cell, will cause the cell to swell and burst
131
In which solution is osmotic lysis possible
Hypotonic
132
Which cell structure protects against osmotic lysis
Cell wall
133
What is plasmolysis
Deflux of water out of the cell, cytoplasm shrinks and pulls away from the membrane
134
In which solution is plasmolysis possible
Hypertonic
135
What is the difference between a channel protein and a carrier protein
Channel proteins allow certain molecules to pass through, carrier bind and carry Molecules through
136
What is the difference between an open channel and A gated channel
Open let's anything through gated is selected
137
Rank the following from a specific to least
Carrier protein
Gated
Open
138
What is the overall, balanced chemical reaction for aerobic respiration or cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6⃣O2 --> 6⃣H2O + energy
139
What organelle is needed for aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
140
Does aerobic respiration produce or consume energy and how much
Produce 30 ATP
141
What is the overall balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis
6⃣CO2*6⃣H2O + energy --> C6H12O6 + 6⃣O2
142
What organelle is needed for photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
143
Does photosynthesis produce or consume energy and how much?
consume 18 ATP
144
Degradative
One thing going to many things
145
Breaking down
Big thing going to small things
146
Exergonic
Nonpolar to polar
147
Catabolic
Hi energy things going to low energy things
148
Spontaneous
Ordered things going to disordered
149
Oxidation
Loss of electrons, gain of oxygen
150
Reduction
Gain of electrons
151
How can hydrogen and oxygen be used to determine reduction
Gang of hydrogen loss of oxygen
152
What does a redox couple refer to
Oxidation and reduction
153
What does a redox couple represent?
Oil rig: oxidation (loss of e-, loss of H, gain of O) reduction (gain of e-, gain of H, loss of O)
154
What are the three steps of aerobic respiration?
1. Glycosis
2. TCA cycle
3. Electron transport chain
155
What is the significance of the consumption of 2 ATP during glycolysis?
Goes towards the 30 ATP
156
What happens to NAD+ during glycolysis?
They reduction it changes to NADH
157
What is the pyruvate in the process of glycolysis
The product
158
What is the purpose of electron carriers
They're cofactors
159
What do electron carriers doc
They accept and donate electrons
160
How are electron carries related to coenzymes?
NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes
