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BIOL 190 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Scientific Method

A

Procedural steps used to outline an experiment

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2
Q

What are the steps to the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Identify problem
  2. Experiment (methods)
  3. Results
  4. Conclusion
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3
Q

Define hypothesis

A

Proposed explanation of why something is the way it is

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4
Q

Define Prediction

A

An “If-Then” statement

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5
Q

Define control group

A

Receives no or neutral treatment. Experimental group results are compared to this group.

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6
Q

Define independent variable

A

The variable that the researcher manipulates in order to obtain a result.

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7
Q

Define dependent variable

A

Variable affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.

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8
Q

What are the four large macromolecules?

A

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

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9
Q

Define Carbohydrate

A

Serve as fuel and building material

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10
Q

What are Carbohydrates composed of?

A

Sugars and their polymers

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11
Q

What are the three types of sugars?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What are the three types of sugars made up of?

A

One or more glucose held together by a glycosydic linkage

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13
Q

What kind of bond holds carbs together?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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14
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose and Fructose

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15
Q

How are glucose and fructose similar?

A

They are hexoses and are isomers of each other

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16
Q

Define isomer

A

Same chemical formula, different structural formula

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17
Q

How are glucose and fructose different?

A

Glucose: Aldose, 6 member ring
Fructose: Ketose, 5 membered ring

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18
Q

What is the difference between a ketose and an aldose?

A

A ketose has a carbonyl group in the middle of the chain; An aldose has a carbonyl group at the end of the chain.

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19
Q

How do polymers form large molecules?

A

Dehydration reaction by removing a water mlc to form a new bond.

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20
Q

How do polymers disassemble?

A

Hydrolysis reaction by adding a water causing a bond to break.

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21
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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22
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

In alpha glucose, first carbon has hydrogen on top. In beta glucose first carbon has hydroxide on top.

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23
Q

Can humans break down alpha or beta glucose?

A

Alpha glucose.

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24
Q

Define disccharide

A

Composed of two sugars

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25
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

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26
Q

Define sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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27
Q

Define lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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28
Q

Define Maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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29
Q

Define Polysaccharide

A

Composed of 3 or more sugars

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30
Q

What are the four types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin

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31
Q

Define starch

A

A plant polysaccharide consisting of entirely glucose monomers. It is the storage form of glucose in plants

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32
Q

What are the simplest form of starch

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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33
Q

How do Amylose and Amylopectin differ?

A

Amylose is unbranched. Amylopectin is branched.

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34
Q

Define glycogen

A

An animal polysaccharide consisting of entirely glucose monomers. Is the storage from of glucose in animals.

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35
Q

Define cellulose

A

Consists entirely of glucose monomers and is a major component of cell walls in plants

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36
Q

How do starch and cellulose differ?

A

They have different glycosidic linkages.
Starch= 1-4 linkage of alpha glucose, 3D, helical
Cellulose= 1-4 linkage of beta glucose, 3D, straight

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37
Q

Why can’t humans digest cellulose?

A

We lack the enzyme enabling our digestion of beta glucose.

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38
Q

Define Chitin

A

A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.

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39
Q

How do lipids differ from the other macromolecules?

A

They are NOT true polymers

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40
Q

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

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41
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A

Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids

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42
Q

What is the structure of Fats?

A

aka Triglyceride is glycerol + 3 fatty acids.

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43
Q

What is the function of fats in the human body?

A

Energy storage, cushioning, insulation.

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44
Q

How do fatty acids vary?

A

Length (#of carbons), #of double bonds, locations of double bonds

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45
Q

Define Saturated fatty acid

A

Have max # of hydrogen atoms

  • No double bonds
  • More common in animals
  • Solid at room temperature.
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46
Q

Define Unsaturated Fatty acid

A
  • Have one or more double bonds
  • More common in plants
  • Liquid at room temperature
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47
Q

What are saturated fats saturated with?

A

Hydrogens

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48
Q

How does a vegetable oil become a solid food product?

A

Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen) and creates a trans fat

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49
Q

What is the functional group structure of a phospholipid?

A

-Have 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group

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50
Q

What is the phospholipid structure?

A

A hydroPHILIC head and hydroPHOBIC tails.

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51
Q

Define Steroid

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of fused rings

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52
Q

What are the types of steroids?

A

Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen

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53
Q

What are the 7 functional groups?

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl, methyl

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54
Q

How do you identify the hydroxyl group?

A

R———OH

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55
Q

How do you identify the carbonyl group?

A

C=====O

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56
Q

How do you identify a ketone from the carbonyl group?

A

Carbonyl is in the middle of the chain

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57
Q

How do you identify an aldehyde?

A

Carbonyl is at the end of the chain

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58
Q

How do you identify the carboxyl group?

A

O
||
R—–C——-OH

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59
Q

How do you identify the Amino group?

A

H——N——H
|
R

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60
Q

How do you identify the phosphate group?

A 
O 
             ||
O- -------P-------  O-
              |
             O
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61
Q

How do you identify the Sulfhydryl group?

A

R————SH

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62
Q

How do you identify the methyl group?

A 
H
                |
R-----------C------H
                |
               H
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63
Q

What type of bond holds lipids together?

A

Ester Linkage

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64
Q

Define Protein functions

A

Enzymatic, storage, hormonal, contractile/motor, defensive, transport, receptor, structural

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65
Q

Define polypeptides

A

Polymers of amino acids

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66
Q

Define the functional group structure of amino acids

A

Possess an amino group and a carboxyl group

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67
Q

How can amino acids differ?

A

Differ in properties due to differing side chains. These properties are Non-polar, polar, acidic, or basic.

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68
Q

What bonds an amino acid together?

A

Peptide bonds

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69
Q

How is a proteins function determined?

A

The specific conformation

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70
Q

What are the four structures of an amino acid?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

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71
Q

Define primary structure

A

Unique chain of amino acids in a poly peptide

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72
Q

Define secondary structure

A
  • The folding/coiling of a polypeptide.
  • Determined by BACKBONE and hydrogen bond interactions.
  • Contains alpha helices (coil) and beta pleated sheet (folded)
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73
Q

Define tertiary structure

A

3D shape of a polypeptide, determined by SIDECHAIN interactions

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74
Q

Define Quaternary structure

A

Overall protein structure. Made when multiple peptides come together

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75
Q

What is an example of quaternary structure?

A

Hemoglobin

76
Q

What determines protein conformation?

A

Physical and chemical conditions (pH and temp)

77
Q

Define denaturation

A

When a protein unravels and loses its native conformation

78
Q 
All of the following are linked together by peptide bonds except:
Hemoglobin
Collagen
Transport Protein
Cholesterol
Insulin
A

Cholesterol

79
Q

Define gene

A

A unit of inheritance that programs an amino acid

80
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

81
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Stores information for the synthesis of specific proteins

82
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar, Nitrogeneous base, Phosphate group

83
Q

Define a nucleoside

A

Portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group

84
Q

Define DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, Nitrogeneous bases form hydrogen bonds in complementary fashion.

85
Q

How do you pair DNA?

A

A always with T

G always with C

86
Q

Describe the DNA backbones

A

They run in opposite 5’ to 3’ directions referred to as antiparallel

87
Q

What is the name of the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

88
Q

What is the name of the polymer of a carbohydrate?

A

Polysaccharide

89
Q

What type of linkage is present in carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic linkages

90
Q

What type of component is present in a lipid?

A

Fatty acids

91
Q

What type of larger mlc is present in a lipid?

A

Triaglycerides

92
Q

What type of linkage is present in lipids?

A

Ester Linkages

93
Q

What type of monomer is present in proteins?

A

Amino acids

94
Q

What type of polymer is present in proteins?

A

Polypeptides

95
Q

What type of linkage is present in proteins?

A

Peptide bonds

96
Q

What type of monomer is present in nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

97
Q

What type of polymer is present in Nucleic acids?

A

Polynucleotides

98
Q

What type of linkage is present in nucleotides?

A

phosphodiester linkages

99
Q

How do you identify a polar side chain?

A

Contains N,O,S, or an OH group

100
Q

How do you identify a nonpolar side chain?

A

Only carbons and hydrogen

101
Q

How do you identify an acidic side chain?

A

Negative charge on the side chain

102
Q

How do you identify a basic side chain?

A

Has a positive charge on the side chain

103
Q

Define cell

A

The simplest collection of matter that can live

104
Q

Define Cell fractionation

A

Takes cell apart and separates the major organelles from one another based on size and density

105
Q

Define centrifuge

A

Used to fractionate cells into their component parts

106
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

107
Q

What are the domains of Prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archea

108
Q

What are the domains of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants

109
Q

What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share?

A

Ribosomes, plasma membrane, DNA, RNA, chromosomes, cytosol

110
Q

What is in an animal cell but not a plant cell?

A

Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella

111
Q

Define centrosome

A

Where microtubules are initiated, contain pair of centrioles

112
Q

What is cytoskeleton function?

A

Reinforces cell shape, functions in cell movement, anchors many organelles

113
Q

Microvilli

A

Projections, increase as surface area increases

114
Q

Define Peroxisomes

A

produces hydrogen peroxide

115
Q

Define Mitochondrion

A

cellular respiration, ATP generated

116
Q

Define Lysosome

A

digestive organelle

117
Q

What are in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

Chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata

118
Q

Define cell wall

A

Outer layer, maintain cell shape, protects from cell damage

119
Q

Define plasmodesmata

A

Channels through cell walls, connect with cytoplasms of adjacent cells

120
Q

Define chlorpolast

A

Type of plastid, photosynthesis

121
Q

Define nuclear laminae

A

lines the inner surface of nuclear envelope

122
Q

Define nuclear envelope

A

double membrane, encloses the nucleus, separating its content from the cytoplasm

123
Q

Define Nucleolus

A

synthesis of ribosomal RNA

124
Q

Define chromatin

A

Composes chromosomes which compose DNA

125
Q

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

A 
Nuclear Envelope
ER
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane
126
Q

True or false: the ER accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

A

True

127
Q

What are the 2 regions of the ER?

A

Smooth and rough

128
Q

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

A

Synthesize lipids, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium, detoxifies poison

129
Q

What are the functions of the rough ER?

A

Synthesize proteins (membrane and secretory)

130
Q

Define cisternae

A

Flattened, membranous sacs

131
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modifies products of the ER, manufactures macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

132
Q

What are the two sides of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Cis and trans

133
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Membrane-bound sac with varied functions

134
Q

What are the types of vacuoles?

A

Food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, and central vacuoles

135
Q

What is a food vacuole?

A

formed by phagocytosis

136
Q

What is a contractile vacuole?

A

Pumps excess water out of cells

137
Q

What is a central vacuole

A

holds organic compounds in water, breaks down waste

138
Q

Where does Aerobic Respiration occur?

A

The mitochondria in plant and animal cells

139
Q

What are the by products of Aerobic Respiration?

A

ATP, CO2, and H2O

140
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

The chloroplast of a plant cell?

141
Q

What happens during photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is converted to glucose and produces O2

142
Q

How did mitochondria and chloroplasts come about?

A

A cell would engulf a another cell to obtain a mitochondria or chloroplast. That is why it is double membraneous

143
Q

Define endosymbiont

A

Working together

144
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

145
Q

What are the 3 molecular structures composing the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.

146
Q

What are the fundamental properties of living organisms?

A

Order, Regulation, Growth & development, Energy utilization, Response to the environment, Reproduction, Evolution

147
Q

What is the correct sequence of hierarchy downward?

A

Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organisms, Organ system, organ, organ tissue, cells, Organelles, Molecules

148
Q

What do the dynamics of any ecosystem depend on?

A

Chemical cycling and Energy flow

149
Q

What two main points did Darwin focus on?

A

Descent with modification and the evolutionary mechanism, and natural selection

150
Q

What three observations is natural selection based on?

A

Variation, over production, adaptation

151
Q

Define Variation

A

Individuals in a population vary in traits

152
Q

Define Over Production

A

More offspring survive to reproduce causing organisms to compete for resources

153
Q

Define Adaptation

A

Species generally suit their environment

154
Q

Define Artificial Selection

A

Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans

155
Q

What are the four elements essential to life?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

156
Q

How many trace elements are there?

A

14

157
Q

Define trace element

A

Elements required by an organism but only in minute quantities

158
Q

Define isotope

A

An element that differs in the number of neutrons but has the same number of protons

159
Q

Define valence electrons

A

The number of unpaired electrons in the outermost (valence) shell

160
Q

When asking what atom has a valence of two….

A

look for the outer shell that needs two more electrons to complete the octet rule

161
Q

What is the difference between a nonpolar and polar covalent bond?

A

Non polar the atoms have similar electronegativities, and share the electron equally.
Polar have different electronegativities and share the electron unequally.

162
Q

When is chemical equilibrium reached?

A

When the forward and reverse reaction rates of a chemical are equal (Is balanced)

163
Q

What are the four properties of water?

A

Cohesion, Temperature Moderation, Expansion upon freezing, Versatility as a solvent

164
Q

True or false: Water has a high specific heat

A

True

165
Q

What is an acid?

A

A proton donor

166
Q

What is a base?

A

A proton acceptor

167
Q

What are the 8 Hierarchies

A

Kingdom, Phylus, Class, Order, Family, Domain, Genus, Species

168
Q

Does gamete formation occur in miosis or mitosis?

A

Miosis

169
Q

Does cell division occur in miosis or mitosis?

A

Mitosis

170
Q

How do you determine the pH based on the number of Hydronium ions given

A

10^-ph H=pH

ex// 10^-4=pH of four

171
Q

In terms of hydronium ions is a pH of four acidic or basic?

A

Acidic

172
Q

In termos of Hydroxide ions is a pH of four acidic or basic?

A

Basic

173
Q

How do you find the pH based on the number of hydroxide ions given?

A

10^-xOH= 14-x=pH

174
Q

How do you find the pOH based on the number of Hydroxide ions given?

A

10^-pOH=pOH

175
Q

What is the largest component of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules

176
Q

What is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments

177
Q

What are Microtubules made up of?

A

tubulin

178
Q

What are microfilaments made up of?

A

Actin

179
Q

What are intermediate filaments made up of?

A

Keratin

180
Q

What do microtubules help function?

A

Cilia or flagella

181
Q

What do microfilaments help function?

A

Muscle contraction

182
Q

What hormone is used in cilia and flagella function?

A

dynein

183
Q

What hormone is used in muscle contraction?

A

Myosin

184
Q

What do intermediate filaments help function?

A

Cell shape

185
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A
  • cell division

- Chromosome movement

186
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A
  • amoeboid movement
  • cytoplasmic streaming
  • microvilli
  • cell division
187
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

nuclear lamina formation

BIOL 190 (4 decks)

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