Exam 1 Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
Define Scientific Method
A
Procedural steps used to outline an experiment
2
Q
What are the steps to the Scientific Method?
A
- Identify problem
- Experiment (methods)
- Results
- Conclusion
3
Q
Define hypothesis
A
Proposed explanation of why something is the way it is
4
Q
Define Prediction
A
An “If-Then” statement
5
Q
Define control group
A
Receives no or neutral treatment. Experimental group results are compared to this group.
6
Q
Define independent variable
A
The variable that the researcher manipulates in order to obtain a result.
7
Q
Define dependent variable
A
Variable affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
8
Q
What are the four large macromolecules?
A
Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
9
Q
Define Carbohydrate
A
Serve as fuel and building material
10
Q
What are Carbohydrates composed of?
A
Sugars and their polymers
11
Q
What are the three types of sugars?
A
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
12
Q
What are the three types of sugars made up of?
A
One or more glucose held together by a glycosydic linkage
13
Q
What kind of bond holds carbs together?
A
Glycosidic linkage
14
Q
What are the two types of monosaccharides?
A
Glucose and Fructose
15
Q
How are glucose and fructose similar?
A
They are hexoses and are isomers of each other
16
Q
Define isomer
A
Same chemical formula, different structural formula
17
Q
How are glucose and fructose different?
A
Glucose: Aldose, 6 member ring
Fructose: Ketose, 5 membered ring
18
Q
What is the difference between a ketose and an aldose?
A
A ketose has a carbonyl group in the middle of the chain; An aldose has a carbonyl group at the end of the chain.
19
Q
How do polymers form large molecules?
A
Dehydration reaction by removing a water mlc to form a new bond.
20
Q
How do polymers disassemble?
A
Hydrolysis reaction by adding a water causing a bond to break.
21
Q
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
A
C6H12O6
22
Q
What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
A
In alpha glucose, first carbon has hydrogen on top. In beta glucose first carbon has hydroxide on top.
23
Q
Can humans break down alpha or beta glucose?
A
Alpha glucose.
24
Q
Define disccharide
A
Composed of two sugars
25
What are the three disaccharides?
Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose
26
Define sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
27
Define lactose
Glucose + Galactose
28
Define Maltose
Glucose + Glucose
29
Define Polysaccharide
Composed of 3 or more sugars
30
What are the four types of polysaccharides?
Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin
31
Define starch
A plant polysaccharide consisting of entirely glucose monomers. It is the storage form of glucose in plants
32
What are the simplest form of starch
Amylose and Amylopectin
33
How do Amylose and Amylopectin differ?
Amylose is unbranched. Amylopectin is branched.
34
Define glycogen
An animal polysaccharide consisting of entirely glucose monomers. Is the storage from of glucose in animals.
35
Define cellulose
Consists entirely of glucose monomers and is a major component of cell walls in plants
36
How do starch and cellulose differ?
They have different glycosidic linkages.
Starch= 1-4 linkage of alpha glucose, 3D, helical
Cellulose= 1-4 linkage of beta glucose, 3D, straight
37
Why can't humans digest cellulose?
We lack the enzyme enabling our digestion of beta glucose.
38
Define Chitin
A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.
39
How do lipids differ from the other macromolecules?
They are NOT true polymers
40
Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
41
What are the three types of lipids?
Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids
42
What is the structure of Fats?
aka Triglyceride is glycerol + 3 fatty acids.
43
What is the function of fats in the human body?
Energy storage, cushioning, insulation.
44
How do fatty acids vary?
Length (#of carbons), #of double bonds, locations of double bonds
45
Define Saturated fatty acid
Have max # of hydrogen atoms
- No double bonds
- More common in animals
- Solid at room temperature.
46
Define Unsaturated Fatty acid
- Have one or more double bonds
- More common in plants
- Liquid at room temperature
47
What are saturated fats saturated with?
Hydrogens
48
How does a vegetable oil become a solid food product?
Hydrogenation (adding hydrogen) and creates a trans fat
49
What is the functional group structure of a phospholipid?
-Have 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group
50
What is the phospholipid structure?
A hydroPHILIC head and hydroPHOBIC tails.
51
Define Steroid
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of fused rings
52
What are the types of steroids?
Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen
53
What are the 7 functional groups?
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl, methyl
54
How do you identify the hydroxyl group?
R---------OH
55
How do you identify the carbonyl group?
C=====O
56
How do you identify a ketone from the carbonyl group?
Carbonyl is in the middle of the chain
57
How do you identify an aldehyde?
Carbonyl is at the end of the chain
58
How do you identify the carboxyl group?
O
||
R-----C-------OH
59
How do you identify the Amino group?
H------N------H
|
R
60
How do you identify the phosphate group?
```
O
||
O- -------P------- O-
|
O
```
61
How do you identify the Sulfhydryl group?
R------------SH
62
How do you identify the methyl group?
```
H
|
R-----------C------H
|
H
```
63
What type of bond holds lipids together?
Ester Linkage
64
Define Protein functions
Enzymatic, storage, hormonal, contractile/motor, defensive, transport, receptor, structural
65
Define polypeptides
Polymers of amino acids
66
Define the functional group structure of amino acids
Possess an amino group and a carboxyl group
67
How can amino acids differ?
Differ in properties due to differing side chains. These properties are Non-polar, polar, acidic, or basic.
68
What bonds an amino acid together?
Peptide bonds
69
How is a proteins function determined?
The specific conformation
70
What are the four structures of an amino acid?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
71
Define primary structure
Unique chain of amino acids in a poly peptide
72
Define secondary structure
- The folding/coiling of a polypeptide.
- Determined by BACKBONE and hydrogen bond interactions.
- Contains alpha helices (coil) and beta pleated sheet (folded)
73
Define tertiary structure
3D shape of a polypeptide, determined by SIDECHAIN interactions
74
Define Quaternary structure
Overall protein structure. Made when multiple peptides come together
75
What is an example of quaternary structure?
Hemoglobin
76
What determines protein conformation?
Physical and chemical conditions (pH and temp)
77
Define denaturation
When a protein unravels and loses its native conformation
78
```
All of the following are linked together by peptide bonds except:
Hemoglobin
Collagen
Transport Protein
Cholesterol
Insulin
```
Cholesterol
79
Define gene
A unit of inheritance that programs an amino acid
80
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribose Nucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
81
What is the function of DNA?
Stores information for the synthesis of specific proteins
82
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Pentose sugar, Nitrogeneous base, Phosphate group
83
Define a nucleoside
Portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group
84
Define DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, Nitrogeneous bases form hydrogen bonds in complementary fashion.
85
How do you pair DNA?
A always with T
| G always with C
86
Describe the DNA backbones
They run in opposite 5' to 3' directions referred to as antiparallel
87
What is the name of the monomer of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
88
What is the name of the polymer of a carbohydrate?
Polysaccharide
89
What type of linkage is present in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic linkages
90
What type of component is present in a lipid?
Fatty acids
91
What type of larger mlc is present in a lipid?
Triaglycerides
92
What type of linkage is present in lipids?
Ester Linkages
93
What type of monomer is present in proteins?
Amino acids
94
What type of polymer is present in proteins?
Polypeptides
95
What type of linkage is present in proteins?
Peptide bonds
96
What type of monomer is present in nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
97
What type of polymer is present in Nucleic acids?
Polynucleotides
98
What type of linkage is present in nucleotides?
phosphodiester linkages
99
How do you identify a polar side chain?
Contains N,O,S, or an OH group
100
How do you identify a nonpolar side chain?
Only carbons and hydrogen
101
How do you identify an acidic side chain?
Negative charge on the side chain
102
How do you identify a basic side chain?
Has a positive charge on the side chain
103
Define cell
The simplest collection of matter that can live
104
Define Cell fractionation
Takes cell apart and separates the major organelles from one another based on size and density
105
Define centrifuge
Used to fractionate cells into their component parts
106
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
107
What are the domains of Prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and Archea
108
What are the domains of Eukaryotic cells?
Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
109
What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share?
Ribosomes, plasma membrane, DNA, RNA, chromosomes, cytosol
110
What is in an animal cell but not a plant cell?
Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella
111
Define centrosome
Where microtubules are initiated, contain pair of centrioles
112
What is cytoskeleton function?
Reinforces cell shape, functions in cell movement, anchors many organelles
113
Microvilli
Projections, increase as surface area increases
114
Define Peroxisomes
produces hydrogen peroxide
115
Define Mitochondrion
cellular respiration, ATP generated
116
Define Lysosome
digestive organelle
117
What are in plant cells but not animal cells?
Chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata
118
Define cell wall
Outer layer, maintain cell shape, protects from cell damage
119
Define plasmodesmata
Channels through cell walls, connect with cytoplasms of adjacent cells
120
Define chlorpolast
Type of plastid, photosynthesis
121
Define nuclear laminae
lines the inner surface of nuclear envelope
122
Define nuclear envelope
double membrane, encloses the nucleus, separating its content from the cytoplasm
123
Define Nucleolus
synthesis of ribosomal RNA
124
Define chromatin
Composes chromosomes which compose DNA
125
What are the components of the endomembrane system?
```
Nuclear Envelope
ER
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane
```
126
True or false: the ER accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
True
127
What are the 2 regions of the ER?
Smooth and rough
128
What are the functions of the smooth ER?
Synthesize lipids, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium, detoxifies poison
129
What are the functions of the rough ER?
Synthesize proteins (membrane and secretory)
130
Define cisternae
Flattened, membranous sacs
131
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies products of the ER, manufactures macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
132
What are the two sides of the Golgi apparatus?
Cis and trans
133
What is a vacuole?
Membrane-bound sac with varied functions
134
What are the types of vacuoles?
Food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, and central vacuoles
135
What is a food vacuole?
formed by phagocytosis
136
What is a contractile vacuole?
Pumps excess water out of cells
137
What is a central vacuole
holds organic compounds in water, breaks down waste
138
Where does Aerobic Respiration occur?
The mitochondria in plant and animal cells
139
What are the by products of Aerobic Respiration?
ATP, CO2, and H2O
140
Where does photosynthesis occur?
The chloroplast of a plant cell?
141
What happens during photosynthesis?
Light energy is converted to glucose and produces O2
142
How did mitochondria and chloroplasts come about?
A cell would engulf a another cell to obtain a mitochondria or chloroplast. That is why it is double membraneous
143
Define endosymbiont
Working together
144
Define cytoskeleton
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
145
What are the 3 molecular structures composing the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments.
146
What are the fundamental properties of living organisms?
Order, Regulation, Growth & development, Energy utilization, Response to the environment, Reproduction, Evolution
147
What is the correct sequence of hierarchy downward?
Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organisms, Organ system, organ, organ tissue, cells, Organelles, Molecules
148
What do the dynamics of any ecosystem depend on?
Chemical cycling and Energy flow
149
What two main points did Darwin focus on?
Descent with modification and the evolutionary mechanism, and natural selection
150
What three observations is natural selection based on?
Variation, over production, adaptation
151
Define Variation
Individuals in a population vary in traits
152
Define Over Production
More offspring survive to reproduce causing organisms to compete for resources
153
Define Adaptation
Species generally suit their environment
154
Define Artificial Selection
Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans
155
What are the four elements essential to life?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
156
How many trace elements are there?
14
157
Define trace element
Elements required by an organism but only in minute quantities
158
Define isotope
An element that differs in the number of neutrons but has the same number of protons
159
Define valence electrons
The number of unpaired electrons in the outermost (valence) shell
160
When asking what atom has a valence of two....
look for the outer shell that needs two more electrons to complete the octet rule
161
What is the difference between a nonpolar and polar covalent bond?
Non polar the atoms have similar electronegativities, and share the electron equally.
Polar have different electronegativities and share the electron unequally.
162
When is chemical equilibrium reached?
When the forward and reverse reaction rates of a chemical are equal (Is balanced)
163
What are the four properties of water?
Cohesion, Temperature Moderation, Expansion upon freezing, Versatility as a solvent
164
True or false: Water has a high specific heat
True
165
What is an acid?
A proton donor
166
What is a base?
A proton acceptor
167
What are the 8 Hierarchies
Kingdom, Phylus, Class, Order, Family, Domain, Genus, Species
168
Does gamete formation occur in miosis or mitosis?
Miosis
169
Does cell division occur in miosis or mitosis?
Mitosis
170
How do you determine the pH based on the number of Hydronium ions given
10^-ph H=pH
| ex// 10^-4=pH of four
171
In terms of hydronium ions is a pH of four acidic or basic?
Acidic
172
In termos of Hydroxide ions is a pH of four acidic or basic?
Basic
173
How do you find the pH based on the number of hydroxide ions given?
10^-xOH= 14-x=pH
174
How do you find the pOH based on the number of Hydroxide ions given?
10^-pOH=pOH
175
What is the largest component of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules
176
What is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments
177
What are Microtubules made up of?
tubulin
178
What are microfilaments made up of?
Actin
179
What are intermediate filaments made up of?
Keratin
180
What do microtubules help function?
Cilia or flagella
181
What do microfilaments help function?
Muscle contraction
182
What hormone is used in cilia and flagella function?
dynein
183
What hormone is used in muscle contraction?
Myosin
184
What do intermediate filaments help function?
Cell shape
185
What are the functions of microtubules?
- cell division
| - Chromosome movement
186
What are the functions of microfilaments?
- amoeboid movement
- cytoplasmic streaming
- microvilli
- cell division
187
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
nuclear lamina formation
