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Victimology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Introduced as an amendment to the 1964 Elementary and Secondary School Act

A

The Gun Free School Act

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2
Q

Violence training, prevention, school safety plans, emergency response plans, code of conduct, and procedures for dealing with violent students in New York.

A

Schools Against Violence in Education (SAVE 1990)

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3
Q

Bullying

A

unwanted or aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves real or perceived power imbalance.

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4
Q

Physical bullying is reported ______ as many time in boys than girls.

A

Twice

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5
Q

Verbal bullying

A

Threats, taunts, name calling, derogatory comments.

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6
Q

Social bullying

A

rumors and behaviors aimed at deliberate social exclusions.

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7
Q

Social bullying is reported more by _______

A

girls.

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8
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of victims of bullying.

A
  • More likely to report being physically harmed be a family member.
  • Family violence is higher than that of bullies families.
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9
Q

Bullying is often perpetuated by someone the victim believes to be _______

A

a friend.

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10
Q

Those who bully experience

A
  • poor psychological adjustment.
  • higher rates of drug and alcohol abuse
  • early sexual activity.
  • criminal convictions
  • partner violence.
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11
Q

Those who are bullied experience

A
  • psychological distress
  • adjustment problems
  • anxiety
  • low self-esteem
  • avoidant and withdrawal behaviors.
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12
Q

Sings a child may be a victim of bullying

A

-damaged clothes/belongings
-loses personal items
-unexplained injuries
-avoids school
-has fewer friends
-changes eating habits
fells bad about themselves
afraid of going to school or doing activities with friends

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13
Q

Signs child may be a bully

A

Becomes violent or gets into fights with others

  • frequent detentions/ sent to principles office
  • extra money
  • blames others
  • friends are bullies
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14
Q

When and where did gang violence begin?

A

1820’s in New York by those who faced extreme economic and social conditions.

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15
Q

In the 1920’s the gang in Chicago consisted of

A

youth struggling with cultural clashes between the new country and their homeland. Lacked structure

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16
Q

Youth gang

A

a self-formed association of peers who have three or more members, aged 12-24, a name/symbol on their clothing, hand signs, some degree of organization, and an elevated level of delinquent activity.

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17
Q

2009 suggested there were _____ gangs and _____ gang members in the US

A

28,100 and 731,000

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18
Q

Factors of development of youth gangs.

A
  • families and school are ineffective. Adult supervision is absent.
  • free time
  • limited access to jobs or careers
  • Congregation place.
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19
Q

Theories of gang participation

A

Strain, social learning, systems, social control, and self-control

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20
Q

Strain Theory

A

Multiple strains such as poverty and social disintegration. Look to achieve success through gangs.

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21
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Family disorganization. Gang provides normative model for behavior.

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22
Q

Systems Theory

A

Family disorganization and inability to meet need. Other systems do not fill the gap. Gangs provide structured and protected environment.

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23
Q

Social Control Theory

A

Lack clear community expectation of behavior.Gang provides rules and behavior guidelines.

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24
Q

Self-Control Theory

A

Inability to control impulses.

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25
Q

3 characteristics of victims of gang violence.

A

1- live among the perpetrators
2-Seen contributing in the crime in some way
3-Afraidor unable to exercise victims rights.

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26
Q

School-based interventions to address gang violence in schools

A
  • strengthen parenting skills.
  • promotes and strengthen social and academic competencies.
  • Enhance sense of community.
  • Engagement of community leaders/groups.
  • support for youth at risk
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27
Q

Threat

A

an expression of intention to inflict evil, injury, or damage. Can be written, spoken, or symbolic
-Have various levels of intensity.

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28
Q

Direct Threat

A

Specific act against a specific target.

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29
Q

Indirect Threat

A

Vague, unclear, and ambiguous.

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30
Q

Veiled Threat

A

Strongly implies but does not explicitly threaten violence.

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31
Q

Conditional Threat

A

Violent act will happen if a demand is not met.

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32
Q

Four elements for assessment of threat

A

personality dynamics, family dynamics, school dynamics, and social dynamics.

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33
Q

The civil justice system is designed to ensure ______

A

the rights of individuals who suffered the direct impact of crime.

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34
Q

Justice systems

A

Civil, criminal, family, and juvenile.

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35
Q

Oldest known tablet containing law codes surviving today.

A

Code of Ur-Namm

-eye for an eye mentality.

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36
Q

Hammurabi did conquer other city-states although he let _____

A

the rulers of the cities-states justify rules and fair laws.

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37
Q

Mosaic Law

A
  • 10 commandments
  • religious observances.
  • basis for Judeo-Christian morality.
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38
Q

Code of Justinian

A

3 book collection

  • decrees of emperors, lawyers and judges who interpreted the decrees.
  • simple termed legal process
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39
Q

Roman Law

A

12 tablets

  • laws became less mystical
  • private, criminal, public, and sacred.
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40
Q

Feudalism

A
  • France

- benefited the land owners (rich) and lower class worked for upper class to gain protection

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41
Q

English Common Law

A

Based on custom and precedent rather than statutory laws in that one court shaped the future decisions.

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42
Q

Common law of US is based on

A

William Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England completed in 1769.

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43
Q

Grants all basic liberties for all British citizens

A

Magna Carta

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44
Q

Based on the principles that guilt of an accused must be proven and once established punishments for the offender must be proportional to the crime committed.

A

Retributive justice.

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45
Q

Utilitarian Justice

A

Not retributive against the offender but rather an attempt to prevent future harms.

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46
Q

Distributive Justice

A
  • perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by (distributed across) group members
  • Fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community.
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47
Q

Restorative Justice

A
  • Informal and nonadjudicative forms of dispute resolution such as loss suffered by a victim.
  • Focus needs to be on victim and offenders rather than the punishment.
  • Includes a meeting or series of meeting with community leaders, offender, and victim.
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48
Q

Criminal Law

A
  • Concerned with actions that are dangerous or harmful to a society.
  • prosecution is administered by state not individual.
  • purpose is to define what constitutes a crime and to prescribe punishment.
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49
Q

Levels of US Court Systems

A
  • District Court: Hear all major civil and criminal cases.
  • Federal Court: Created from Constitution, includes federal district courts, federal circuit courts, and US Supreme Court. Have jurisdiction over all cases violating federal statutes.
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50
Q

Once victims talk to police the police must decide whether or not to ____

A

press charges

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51
Q

Once a crime has been committed, a ___

A

suspect must be identified and apprehended for the case to proceed through the CJ system.

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52
Q

Prosecutor represents

A

the state’s interests, is on the victims side, and does not require the victim to have their own lawyer.

53
Q

May be made at the initial appearance but may occur at other hearings or may be changed at another time during the process.

A

Pretrial release

54
Q

Pretrial decision is based on

A

information about the defendant’s drug use, residence, employment, and family ties.

55
Q

Main function of this hearing is to discover if there is probable cause to believe the accused committed a known crime within the jurisdiction of the court.

A

Preliminary hearing

56
Q

Hears evidence against the accused presented by the prosecution and decides if there is sufficient evidence to cause the accused to be brought to trial.,

A

Grand Jury

57
Q

Show the effect of a crime on the victim, friend/family of the victim

A

Victim Impact Statement

58
Q

Restitution

A

Concept of giving back to an injured party

59
Q

Civil Justice System

A

Private Justice.

-private corporations or individuals that are being sued.

60
Q

Civil Procedures.

A
  • Does NOT attempt to determine guilt or seek incarceration.

- Liability for injuries during crime.

61
Q

Primary Victimization

A

Affects the targeted or personalized victim

62
Q

Secondary victimization

A

Involves impersonal victims such as commercial establishments, churches, schools, etc.
-Can also include those assisting victims such as emergency responders and therapists.

63
Q

Tertiary victimization

A

Diffuse and extends to the community at large

64
Q

Prosecutors offices widespread in the 1800s up to then who was responsible for pursuing justice?

A

The victim

65
Q

Two factors that reduced the centrality of victims in the process of justice

A
  • The focus of crime turned to the general welfare of the community. (wrong against the public, secondary against the individual)
  • Restitution
66
Q

resulted in federal subsidies to state and local victim service, victim compensation, victim/witness assistance, domestic violence, and sexual assault prevention programs

A

Victims of Crime Act (VOCA 1982)

67
Q

Crime Victims’ Rights Act identifies which rights?

A
  • Protection from the accused
  • Reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of proceedings.
  • No exclusion from public proceedings
  • To be reasonably heard
  • Confer with attorney
  • Full and timely restitution provided by law
  • Free from unreasonable delay.
68
Q

Restitution is imposed in about _____ of violent offenses.

A

13%

69
Q

Victim compensation

A

Funds paid by the state to ameliorate the personal costs of crime. Does depend on if victim is found guilty.

70
Q

Four ways victim compensation is handled in US

A

1-Component of victim witness programs
2-Through victim-offender reconciliation programs
3- In conjunction with parole or probation supervisor
4-Through court based employment programs

71
Q

Crime Victims fund is supported by

A

Criminal fines, forfeited bail bonds, penalties, special assessments. Always come from offenders

72
Q

Victim fund requirements

A

-Crime must be reported within 3 days of offense and file claim within 2 years.

73
Q

Spiritual explanations

A

Natural disasters were explained by interferences from the spirit world.
-Human suffering viewed as universal justice.

74
Q

Classical Criminology

A

Rights of man needed to be protected from oppression and corruption of existing institutions.
-Beccaria.

75
Q

All men are self-seeking and capable of committing crime; society has an interest to maintain social order and humans accept that anti-social behavior must be controlled; punishment must be used to deter crime but this punishment mus be proportioned to the crime.

A

Beccaria

76
Q

Rational Choice

A

Individuals will freely determine whether to engage in crime based on an analysis of relative costs and benefits.

77
Q

Positivistic

A

Premised on the assumption that human behavior was influenced by predetermined biological, psychological, and social factors.

78
Q

Focused on hereditary and defectiveness and presumed that criminality could be either inherited genetically or produced by biological or physical defects.

A

Biological Theories

79
Q

Behavior is driven by urges and impulses of the id and moderated by the superego.

A

Psychological factors

80
Q

Mendelsohn’s six victim types

A

-Completely Innocent
-Minor guilt and responsibility due to his/her own ignorance
-Guilty as the offender and shares equal responsibility
-Slightly guiltier than the offender
-Exclusively responsible for their own victimization.
-Imaginary victim.
(Most victims play a part in their own victimization)

81
Q

Victimolgy is the reverse of criminology

A

Benjamin Mendelsohn

82
Q

Hans von Hentig’s 13 Category Typology

A

Young, female, old, mentally defective, immigrants, minorities, dull normals, depressed, acquisitive, wanton, lonesome and broken hearted, tormentors, blocked.

83
Q

Schafer’s victim precipitation typologies

A

Unrelated, provocative, precipitative, biologically weak, socially weak, self-victimizing, political

84
Q

Just World Theory

A

In an effort to retain the belief that the world is predictable and safe people who become aware that another is victimized will search for an explanation and rationalize that the victim deserved it in some way.

85
Q

Lifestyle routine theory

A

Personal characteristics and lifestyle activities increase or decrease an individual’s risk of victimization.
(i.e. substance abuse, engaging in criminal activities, etc)

86
Q

Fear of crime

A

Factor that influences victimization. Gender, race, age, income, and urban residence are all characteristics in fear of crime.

87
Q

Factors affecting victimization

A

Opportunities, risk factors, motivated offenders, exposure, associations, dangerous time/places, dangerous behaviors, high-risk activities, defense/avoidance behaviors, structural/cultural proness.

88
Q

Conflict Theory

A
  • perspectives in sociology that emphasize the social, political, or material inequality of a social group
  • Product of whoever wins the power struggle as labeling apparatus.
89
Q

Societal-based theories

A

See crime and victimization in social structures that create inequality.

90
Q

Marxists Theory

A

Uses societal based theories as a base but has a potential cure (communism)

91
Q

Seeks to understand human experiences and behavior within a person-in-environment

A

Ecological Theory

92
Q

Four systems of ecological Framework

A

Macro(economic, social, and political), Exo(environment), Micro(family), Ontogenic(individual)

93
Q

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

A

Aimed at meeting a need for reliable, uniform crime statistics for the nation.

94
Q

UCR Source Data

A

Compiled from law enforcement agencies across the country.

95
Q

Advantages of UCR

A
  • Compiled annually from all over US which allows comparisons by location and analysis of trends.
  • Standardized crime definitions.
  • Pattern data for crime and criminals.
96
Q

Cleared by exception means

A

1- identified offender
2-sufficient evidence has been collected to support an arrest.
3-offenders exact location has been identified.
4-law enforcement encountered a circumstance outside of their control.

97
Q

Limitations of UCR

A
  • Stats only based on reported crimes
  • Incomplete data and can be manipulated to boost a city’s image.
  • Data lacking on victims and offenders
  • Data only reported on those who were arrested.
98
Q

Crime and Victimization databases

A

UCR, NIBRS, NPS, ACCS (CA), NCVS, GSS, BCS (UK), ICVS, Interpol

99
Q

NIBRS

A

National Incident Based Reporting System

100
Q

How does NIBRS collect data?

A

Based on 53 different dimensions including specific offenses, victim and offenders characteristics, characteristics of person arrested, type of property stolen, Can focus on 33 different offenses.

101
Q

Advantages of NIBRS

A
  • Not restricted to limited offense categories
  • Local, State, and national reporting needs
  • Individual crime data can be collected
  • Arrested and clearances can be linked.
  • Linkages can be established (i,e, victims, property, etc)
  • Cross law enforcement jurisdictions
  • Strategical and tactical crime analysis can be made at local and regional level.
102
Q

Disadvantages of NIBRS

A
  • Voluntary
  • Lengthy certification process
  • Smaller populations reporting currently.
103
Q

Hierarchy rule in UCR

A

Requires that only the most serious offense be reported if multiple offenses occurred.

104
Q

Police practices effect on reporting

A

Response time, level of professionalism, policing styles, arrest practices.

105
Q

NPS

A

National Prisoner Statistic Program

106
Q

NPS aims to provide

A

national and state level data on prisoners in state and federal prison systems.
-Race, gender, age

107
Q

Objectives of NPS

A
  • Staffing for prisons.
  • Major issues and trends such as occupancy rates, sentencing patterns,
  • Special issue (HIV inmates)
108
Q

Disadvantages to NPS

A
  • Limited to inmates who served time in facilities.

- lack of sufficient data to make conclusions.Lack of consistent sample size.

109
Q

Interview reports with a random sample of people to ask whether they have been a victim of a crime.

A

Victimization surveys

110
Q

Victimization survey objectives

A
  • Estimate overall risk of becoming a victim.
  • Monitor trends
  • Risk Factor identification
  • Observe long term outcomes for victims.
111
Q

Advantages of Victim Surveys

A
  • Focuses on unreported crimes.
  • Provides trends on gender, race, time of occurrence, distance from home, injury medical care info, time lost from work, weapon use, economic factors
  • Crime causation
  • Theory development
  • Consequence of crime
  • New areas of study
  • Response to the victim
  • Offender populations
  • Repeat victimization
112
Q

NCVS

A

national Crime Victimization Survey

113
Q

Objectives of NCVS

A
  • Detailed information about victims
  • Number and type of crimes not reported to the police.
  • To provide uniform measures to selected types of crime
  • Comparison data over time and types of areas.
114
Q

NFVS

A

national Family Violence survey

115
Q

Challenges to Victim Surveys

A
  • Recall
  • Telescoping (misspecification)
  • Repeated victimization may not be remembered.
  • Victim Knowledge
116
Q

Criminology

A

Scientific study of non-legal aspects of crime.

117
Q

Victimology

A

Scientific study of the victim, offender and society.

118
Q

Mendelsohn’s concept of a victim

A

1-Nature of the determinant that causes the suffering.
2- Social character of suffering
3- Importance of social factor.
4-Origin of inferiority complex.

119
Q

Crime victim

A

Person, organization, or business that has been directly harmed as a result of the commission of an offense.

120
Q

Most likely to fall victim to a crime

A

Black males 16-24 living in urban areas

121
Q

Violent crimes involve _____

A

contact between victim and offender. Does not need ti show visible signs of injury.

122
Q

Crime rates show ____ in US violent an d property crimes.

A

Decline

123
Q

Cost of crime

A

Health, economic, CJ costs

124
Q

Double victimization

A

The first victimization is at the hand of the criminal, the second by the criminal justice system (paperwork, hearings, trials).

125
Q

Forensic victimization

A

The scientific study of victims for the purpose of addressing investigative and forensic issues.

126
Q

Crime Scene Analysis Life Style Risk Factors

A

Victims are assessed as to their risk level by age, physical size, race, marital status, living situation, location of residence, and occupation.

127
Q

Crime Scene Analysis Situational Risk Factors

A

victims location, activities at time of crime.

128
Q

Crime scene assessment

A 
1- Initial contact
2-assault scene
3-death scene
4-Body location
(all can be the same but can also be multiple locations
129
Q

Cold case analysis

A

1- Not solved for 1 year
2- All leads have been exhausted
3-Closed from further investigations

Victimology (3 decks)

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