Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Victimology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.

A

Child maltreatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of maltreatment that involve acts of commission

A

physical abuse, sexual abuse and physiological abuse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Failure to provide, physical neglect, emotional neglect, medical/dental neglect, educational neglect, failure to supervise, exposure to violent environments are examples of

A

Acts of omission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A reporting system for all cases that come to the attention of child protective services, provides a primary approach for gathering statistics related to child abuse and neglect.

A

The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System is voluntary

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aside from the The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System what are the other four approaches to examining child maltreatment

A
  • Prospective data collection in selected communities to identify cases of child maltreatment not reported to CPS.
  • Asking adults about how they have treated their children during a specific period.
  • Asking children about their experiences of violence, including their maltreatment.
  • Asking adults how they were treated during their childhood.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A Congressional mandated, periodic effort of the US Department of Heath and Human Services.

A

National Incident Study (NIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Takes into account cases that were reported to CPS and those that were not.

A

National Incident Study (NIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Harm Standard

A

includes only children who have already experienced harm from abuse or neglect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Harm Standard Statistics

A

More than 1.25 million US children (or 1 in 58) experienced maltreatment during 2005-2006.
-44% abused 61% neglected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Empowered town wardens to bind orphans to apprentices.

A

Orphan’s Act of 1799

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Authorized the first federal grants for child welfare services in the US

A

Social Security Act 1935

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Requires each state to establish policies and procedures for the reporting and investigation of child abuse and neglect.

A

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The types of professionals mandated to report child maltreatment has expanded to include..

A

almost everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_____ protect the reporter in good faith.

A

State statutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Investigates cases of suspected child maltreatment and place children in foster care and helps families receive nurse practitioners or substances abuse counseling if needed.

A

Child protective Services (CPS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

includes neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional maltreatment

A

Child maltreatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Characterized by omissions in care resulting in significant harm or risk of significant harm. Can also expand to failure to provide child’s basic needs.

A

Neglect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neglect can be a one time incident or ____

A

it is usually a pattern of unsafe care caused by serious mental health problems or substance abuse issues on the part of the caregiver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

These injuries make of 50% of child abuse cases

A

Burn (from very hot tap water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In which severe intracranial trauma occurs in the absence of signs of external head trauma.

A

Shaken baby syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Form of child abuse in which the abuser fabricates an illness in a child for the purpose of obtaining attention from medical professionals.

A

Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Includes physical contact, including touching or exposing of sexual or other intimate parts of a person for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire in either the perpetrator or the subject child.

A

Sexual abuse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Another form of sexual abuse

A

Child pornography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

repeated pattern of caregiver behavior or extreme incidents that conveys to children that they are worthless, flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or only of value in meeting another needs.

A

Psychological maltreatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Effects of psychological maltreatment

A

lags in development, learning problems, and speech disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The longitudinal findings that show both child abuse and child neglect may lead to antisocial and criminal behavior and/or abuse of one’s own children

A

Intergenerational transmission of violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Argues that abusive parents provide aggressive models for their children

A

Social Learning Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Two processes of social learning theory

A
  • Teaching them that expressive behavior such as injurious actions is normal and justified.
  • Egocentrism is both normal and desired and aggression is permissible in getting others to do what one wishes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • The focus on parental psychopathology

- focuses on abnormalities within the child/parent relationship

A

Ecological Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Four abnormalities in Ecological theory

A
  • Inappropriate parental expectations
  • Lack of empathy towards the child’s needs.
  • Physical punishment
  • Parental role reversal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

May develop aversive feelings about sex, overvaluing sex, sexual identity problems, and hypersexual or sexual avoidance.

A

Victims of sexual abuse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Key way to understand child trauma.

A

Developmental traumatology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The range of clinical symptomology that appears after such exposure.

A

Complex trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

3 epidemical approaches that have bee used to investigate child abuse

A
  • Longitudinal cohorts over time.
  • Case control design. Asked about maltreatment
  • Targets specific populations in geographical areas.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Complex child trauma (5 domains)

A

1-Self-regulatory, attachment, and affective disorders in infancy and childhood.
2-Addictions, agression, social helplessness, and eating disorders.
3-Dissicoiative, somataform, cardiovasucalr, metabolic, and immunological
4-Sexual disorders
5-recidivism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Average age of child targeted for prostitution

A

12-14 for girls

11-13 for boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

NISMART-2 statistics

A

797,500 children (>18) were reported missing in 1 year.
203,900 children were victims of family abductions
58,200 non-family abductions
115 stereotypical kidnapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Lindbergh Law

A

made kidnapping a federal offense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act

A

requires states to implement a sex offender and crimes against children registry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Megan’s Law

A

Parents should have a right to know when a sexual predator moves into the neighborhood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Law passed in 1910 making interstate transportation of women for the purpose of prostitution a felony offense

A

Mann Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Reported cases of infant and fetal abduction between 1983 and 2011

A

280 (46 from hospital) (40% from home) (14% other)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Infant abduction

A

kidnapping of an infant is less than 6 months of age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Females are more likely to be abducted by nonfamily members

A

True

46
Q

Four categories of non familial child abductors

A

Pedophiles (largest)
Serial killers
Profiteers
Childless psychotics

47
Q

Runaways make up _____

A

the majority of missing children

48
Q

Criteriia for an Amber Alert

A

Confirmed abduction
Risk of death or injury
Law Enforcement needs information about child and captor.
Child must be younger than 17

49
Q

Situations where the offender establishes a nonsexual relationship with the child so that the child comes to trust and feel comfortable with the offender.

A

Coerced

50
Q

The most commonly used technique of luring children into coerced sexual activity is capitalizing on the ____

A

child’s need for human contact, approval, attention

51
Q

Situations where the offender gains access to the child through intimidation in the form of verbal threats or physical force

A

Forced (expression of power and anger)

52
Q

do not have a true sexual preference for children but engage in sex with children for varied complex reasons.
-Can be a one time thing or a pattern

A

Situational offenders

53
Q

A preferential child molester must have

A
  • high amount of contact with victim

- high level of fixation or pedophilic interest

54
Q

Offenders who have spent little or not time with victims

A

low contact

55
Q

Offenders who have spent a large amount of time with victim

A

high contact

56
Q

Any behavior within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm in the relationship.

A

Intimate partner violence

57
Q

IPV accounted for __% of violent crimes against women and __% of violent crimes against men from 2001 to 2005.

A

22% and 4%

58
Q

Ex-spouses are responsible for __% of all homicides against women and __% of all homicides against men.

A

38% and 2%

59
Q

Violence ended at separation __% of the time time

A

63%

60
Q

Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment

A

Arrest is the most effective method of reducing domestic violence. (Never been able to replicate in subsequent studies)

61
Q

Prohibits a convicted domestic abuser or child abuser from carrying a gun

A

Domestic Violence Misdemeanor Gun Ban

62
Q

Exposure of children to domestic abuse is a form of

A

child abuse

63
Q

3 phases of battering cycle

A

1-tension reduction (verbal, minor physical abuse)
2-Acute battering episode (severe physical and verbal abuse)
3-Loving attrition
Repeats again

64
Q

Police are less likely to intervene in domestic abuse if ___

A

The coupe is of same sex

65
Q

Typologies of batterers

A
  • Family Only (least violent)
  • Dysphoric-boderline (moderate to severe)
  • Generally violent-antisocial (highest level of violence)
66
Q

Risk factors associated with homicide in intimate partner violence

A
  • low education level
  • access to firearm
  • drug abuse
  • abuser separated from victim
  • controller abuser
  • stepchild in the home
  • previous weapon threats
67
Q

Honor killing

A

involve murder of family member to restore family name

68
Q

Honor killings are generally

A

planned in advance and made after several threats have been made.

69
Q

An extension of self-defense laws that appreciates battered women’s perceptions of risk and the possibility of escape

A

Battered women’s syndrome defense.

70
Q

Elements of battered women syndrome defense

A
  • existence of complex post traumatic stress disorder
  • existence of battered women syndrome
  • uniqueness of events leading to offense
  • belief that death was imminent
  • why women remained trapped in relationship
71
Q

Intervention programs for IPV

A
  • child witnesses of violence
  • victims of violence
  • programs for batterers
72
Q

A pattern of conduct in which one person inflicts on another repeated, unwanted intrusions, and communications to the extent the victim fears his or her own safety

A

Stalking

73
Q

Characterizations of stalking

A

Intentional, repeated, and results in fear

74
Q

Most stalking victims are ___

A

female 60-80%

75
Q

Causing fear that originates from the obsession of one individual with another who is uninterested in a relationship

A

Obsessional harassment

76
Q

___% of victims knew their stalker

A

79%

77
Q

Which state passed the first stalking laws in the Western World?

A

California (1990)

78
Q

Most states require a ______ for stalking cases

A

credible threat of harm

79
Q

4 categories of stalking

A
  • celebrity stalking
  • erotomanic stalking
  • stalking as an extension of intimate partner
  • sexually sadistic stalker
80
Q

love obsessed stalkers/#1 fan in love

A

celebrity stalkers

81
Q

Delusional loving, belief that someone of a higher stature is passionately in love with them.

A

Erotomanic stalking

82
Q

Most likely to fall into the erotomanic stalking category

A

females

83
Q

Stalking is a form of domestic violence in ____% of all cases

A

75-80%

84
Q

Women are _____ as likely to be stalked as men.

A

Twice

85
Q

81% of women in the NVAWS reported physical abuse and ___% had been sexually assaulted by their stalker.

A

81% and 31%

86
Q

a factor that elevates the rate of spousal homicide in women

A

marital separation

87
Q

Rare, most distressing stalker.

-a violent and dangerous offender seeks a victim to satisfy desires.

A

Sexually sadistic stalkers

88
Q

Victims should do what to maintain safety?

A
  • vigilant about risks
  • create and maintain documentation
  • avoid contact with stalker
89
Q

Assessing dangerousness of stalker

A
  • Reason for contacts
  • Emotional response
  • Thought Content
  • Contact pattern and predatory behaviors
  • Preoccupation
90
Q

Predatory and sexually sadistic stalkers are generally dealt with through

A

the criminal justice system

91
Q

Erotomania stalkers are best treated

A

psychotropic medications

92
Q

Treatment of stalkers is

A

highly challenging

93
Q

‘Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without consent of a victim.”

A

FBI advisory board definition of rape

94
Q

Clay-Warner and Burt reported the likelihood of a women reporting rape to police is more likely now than in 1975 by ___%

A

88%

95
Q

Encourage the focus on the culpability of the accused rather than on the victim’s sexual history

A

Rape shield laws

96
Q

Certain types of sexual acts committed by the defendant are _____

A

allowed into evidence at trial when facing similar charges

97
Q

Reasons for not reporting rape

A

Fear of the legal system, fear of retaliation, guilt and blame,personal matters, victim-offender relationship

98
Q

“out of the blue” and without prior interaction between assailant and victim.

A

Blitz Rape

99
Q

Goals of the rape assailant

A

physical and sexual control of the victim

100
Q

An attack in which the assailant obtains sex under false pretenses by using deceit, betrayal, and often violence

A

Confidence rape

101
Q

3 methods of pressured sex

A

1-Pressure based around material goods
2-pressures victim to accept human contact
3-pressure victim to believe the sexual activity is appropriate and enjoyable.

102
Q

Male and female agree to have sexual relations but then something went wrong.

A

Sex Stress

103
Q

Psychological impact of sexual assaults

A

symptoms persist over a long period of time and may not abate despite therapeutic efforts.

104
Q

Two phases of rape trauma

A

1-immediate (acute)

2-long term (disrupts entire life)

105
Q

Clinical work from 1970-1990 suggest that rape was in fact serving

A

primary nonsexual needs. Expression of power and anger

106
Q

Rape and sexual assault are acts ensuing from interpersonal aggression.

A

Theory of Interpersonal aggression

107
Q

Expressed in aggression is generally low and does not exceed what was necessary to force victim compliance.

  • Compensation for inadequacy, vulnerability, and helplessness
  • Repetitive and compulsive
A

Exploitative Rape

108
Q
  • Unprovoked physical and verbal aggression or physical force in excess of that necessary to gain victim compliance must be present
  • Resistance from the victim is likely to increase aggression and serious injury or death may occur.
A

Anger Rape

109
Q

Derives satisfaction in sexual abuse of the victim.

  • sadism
  • pleasure in torment,torture
  • victim is stalked, captured, abused, and possibly murdered.
A

Sadistic Rape

110
Q

SANE

A

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner

  • use forensic equipment
  • document evidence and injuries maintaining chain of evidence
111
Q

NSVRC

A

National Sexual Violence Resource Center

112
Q

NISMART

A

National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Throwaway Children

Victimology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions