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Cognitive Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Understanding the world by identifying basic principles and using rational processes to create our knowledge

A

rationalism

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2
Q

“those properties by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used”

A

cognition

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3
Q

understanding the world by basing our knowledge on observations

A

empiricism

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4
Q

Who had the first psychology laboratory?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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5
Q

Who founded the first psychology journal?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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6
Q

What psychologist does this describe:

  • First psychology lab
  • Founded the first psychology journal
  • Introspection
  • “controlled studies”
  • Early studies on sensation, perception and attention
A

Wilhelm Wudnt

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7
Q

Who first examined forgetting as a function of time?

A

Ebbinghaus

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8
Q

______ psychologists seek to discover principles that determine how people’s perception of the whole is derived from their perception of individual parts

A

Gestalt

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9
Q

________ _______ research is concerned with people helping people to perform tasks efficiently and safely and focuses on the limits of our mental capacities and how they constrain our actions (Example: WWII)

A

Human Factors

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10
Q

___________ have been used to create models and theories of human cognition

A

computer simulations

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11
Q

What are the two types of simulation modesl?

A

serial processors and parallel distributed processors

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12
Q

computer simulation model where processes occur at same time

A

parallel distributed processors

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13
Q

computer simulation model with serial processors

A

sequential processing

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14
Q

the scientific study of the relationship between the brain structures, neurological activity, and cognitive functions

A

cognitive neuroscience

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15
Q

the act of drilling a hole in one’s head during ancient surgery

A

trepanning

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16
Q

Person who provided ddetailed descriptions of trepanning and wrote about the connection between the brain and behavior

A

Hippocrates

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17
Q

cells specialized to receive and transmit info in the nervous system

A

neurons

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18
Q

How many neurons does the typical adult brain contain?

A

more than 10 billion neurons

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19
Q

What are the 3 major parts of a neuron?

A

dendrites, cell (or soma), and axon

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20
Q

part of neuron that receives info from other neurons

A

dendrite

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21
Q

part of neuron that contains mechanisms to keep cell alive

A

cell (or soma)

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22
Q

part of neuron that transmits electrical signal to other neurons

A

axon

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23
Q

when a neuron receives signal from environment and the threshold is met, electrical info travels down the axon of the neuron

A

action potential

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24
Q

When the action potential reaches the end of the neuron, synaptic vesicles open and release ________ neurotransmitters.

A

chemical

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25
Parkinson's disease occurs when you have lost at least ____% of cells that produce dopamine.
80
26
What are the 3 main sectors of the brain?
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
27
section of brain that controle automatic processes that regulate basic life-support functions
hindbrain
28
part of hindbrain that deals with balance and coordination and high-level cognitive tasks
cerebellum
29
the section of the brain that is the relay center for sensory info
midbrain
30
part of midbrain that deals with movement (produces dopamine)
substania nigra
31
section of brain that contains the cortex and limbic system and regulates higher mental processes and enables people to engage in complex learning, memory, and thought
forebrain
32
wrinkled outer portion of forebrain
cortex
33
the valleys in the cortex
sulcus
34
the hills in the cortex
gyrus
35
The right and left hemishperes are connected by giant collections of fibers called _______.
commissures
36
The largest commissure in the brain is the:
corpus callosum
37
if this is cut, people experience a split brain (aka divided brain)
corpus callosum
38
the four major divisions (lobes) of cortex:
occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal
39
lobe of brain that is associated with visual processing
occipital lobe
40
lobe of brain associated with touch, pain, pressure, ability to locate objects in space, and spatially based mathematical thinking
parietal lobe
41
lobe associated with auditory and perceptual processing, memory, and long-term memories
temporal lobes
42
lobe associated with higher-level cognitive functions
frontal lobe
43
the process by which brain cells grow new connections
neurogenesis
44
examines structure and functioning of brain
neuroimaging
45
neuroimaging process that occurs when electrodes record the electircal activity of the brain
EEG
46
What neuroimaging process is good in identifyoing broad areas of the brain that are involved in specific cognitive tasks?
EEG
47
neuroimaging that is more specific than EEGs at identifying which specific brain areas are active
PET
48
neuroimaging when radioactive does of glucose is injected into bloodstream and the glucose emits positrons then the brain is scanned to detect energy relased from the positrons
PET
49
An fMRI measures:
when a region of the brain is active
50
________ describes a set of processes that allow us to focus selectively on some part of the environment while ignoring other aspects.
Attention
51
______ chooses the events that enter our consciousness.
Attention
52
Attention is (3 things):
limited, selective, and part of everyone's cognitive architecture
53
Attention is a limited-capacity system. This means:
it is able to focus on a limited number of activities for a fixed period of time
54
directing attention to an unexpected stimulus
orienting reflex
55
when a stimulus is no longer novel, it no longer captures our attention
habituation
56
the cognitive abiltity to focus in or sharpen our attention
attentional spotlight
57
attention is like a ______
spotlight
58
______ attention (aka input attention, preattentive processing) is faster, parallel, and date driven
spotlight
59
_______ attention (conscious attention) is slower, serial, and contextually driven
controlled
60
_______ storage (aka Sensory Memory, Sensory-Information-Storage) is relatively large, brief in duration, and precategorical in nature
sensory
61
When attending to content, filters physical characteristics and some relevant/pertinent content (e.g., our own name) is attended to
late-selection filter
62
When attending to content, physical characteristics are attended to early
early-selection filter
63
processing that is evoked without making decisions or necessarily intending for them to occur (simple reflexes, learned associations), occurs rapidly, and does not require a lot of attentional resources
automatic processing
64
the moment when you are shifting your attentional focus and are unable to attend fully to a new target event
attentional blink
65
a decrease in the ability to perceive repeated stimuli during a rapid serial presentation of items
repetition blindness
66
a failure to notice differences in an objects
change blindness
67
the failure to notice that a new object has entered the scene
inattentional blindness
68
disorder where you have difficulty recognizing two or more objects at the same time
simultagnosia (Balint's syndrome)
69
disorder where you are unable to focus attention of a portion of your visual field (often left)
hemispheric neglect (aka hemineglect)
70
disorder where you absorb or are affected by too many stimuli in the environment and have difficulty filtering out unnecessary information
ADHD
71
an irreverible, degenerative disease whose symptoms include tremors, difficulty with coordinated movements, and attentional difficulties
Parkinson's Disease
72
identifying and labeling sensory info
pattern recognition
73
the act of becoming aware of something through our senses
perception
74
processing where perception begins with sensory info
bottom-up processing (sensory driven)
75
processing where we use knowledge, experience, expectations, context, and biases
top-down processing (conceptually driven)
76
type of perceptual grouping when elements that are close together will be perceived as a coherent group
proximity
77
type of perceptual grouping where elements that look similar will be perceived as part of the same form or group
similarity
78
type of perceptual grouping where there is a tendency to enclose spaces by completing a contour and ignoring gaps
closure
79
type of perceptual grouping when elements that move together are grouped together
common fate
80
when images that are perceived as symmetircal are experienced as belonging together
symmetry
81
when people tend to connect elements in a way that makes the elements seem continuous or flowing in a particular direction
good continuation
82
problem associating patterns with meaning
associative agnosia
83
deficit in ability to recognize faces
prosopagnosia
84
pattern perception problem
apperceptive agnosia
85
when a person is not blind but experiences a recognition deficit
agnosia

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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