Exam 3 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What are the components of emotion?
A
cognitive (subjective feelings)
physiological (bodily responses)
behavioral
2
Q
amygdala’s role in physiological processing of emotion
A
- provides initial, rapid, automatic evaluation of the emotional significance of stimuli and directs attention (via basal forebrain)
- evaluates the significance of stimuli and generates emotional responses
3
Q
What part of the brain evaluates the emotional significance of stimuli and then directs attention and generates emotional responses?
A
amygdala
4
Q
role of the frontal lobes in the physiological processing of emotion
A
- influence people’s conscious emotional feelings and ability to act in planned ways based on feelings
- links to memory and decision making
5
Q
What part of the brain influences conscious emotions and how you planned to act based on feelings?
A
frontal lobes
6
Q
role of hippocampus in physiological processing of emotion
A
strength of memory consolidation
7
Q
Why do we have emotions?
A
to direct attention, influence memory, lead to action, and biologically and evolutionarily adapt
8
Q
Darwin stated that emotions are ________ based and ________ adaptive.
A
biologically; evolutionarily
9
Q
Facial expressions have _______ and ______ values (Darwin)
A
communicative; adaptive
10
Q
At what age do children develop joy, sadness, and disgust?
A
3 months
11
Q
At what age do children develop surprise?
A
Within the first 6 months
12
Q
At what age do children develop anger?
A
2-6 months
13
Q
At what age do children develop fear?
A
6-8 months (peaks at 18 months)
14
Q
At what age do children develop empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment?
A
1 1/2 years
15
Q
At what age do children develop pride shame, and guilt?
A
2 1/2 yrs
16
Q
Emotions become more complex as a child’s ____________ matures.
A
cerebral cortex
17
Q
Self-conscious emotions, such as shane and guilt, do not occur until after _______, due to the emergence of a sense of self and others.
A
infancy
18
Q
6 basic emotions:
A
anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise
19
Q
James-Lange Theory of Emotion:
A
experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
20
Q
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
A
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion
21
Q
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
A
To experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
22
Q
a symbolic means of communication that is shared by several individuals
A
language
23
Q
More than ______ languages are spoken in the world.
A
6500
24
Q
4 components of language:
A
message, physical constraints, articulation/gestural, and pragmatics
25
linguistic expressions
utterances
26
the sense conveyed by an utterance; it is affected by the context, syntax, and accompanying gestures
message/semantics
27
rules that arrange words into phrases and sentences; these, along with special markers, facilitate the extraction of meaning
physical constraints/syntax
28
the two basic dimensions on which language is founded
medium: articulation/gestural
29
social rules that native speakers must acquire to know what can be said and how it must be done to cooperate with the listener for effective communication; these rules govern the speaker's performance and the listener's expectations
social constraints: pragmatics
30
rules for how words in a sentence should be put together
syntax
31
What are the two recognized, universal media for language?
voice and gestures
32
A universal characteristic of all infants is that they begin babbling around age _____.
4 months
33
Infants around the world produce the same set of early babbling sounds that is ______ of their caregiver's language.
independent
34
Deaf children who could not be imitating the sounds in their environment, produce the same early speech sounds as non-deaf infants around the world. T/F?
true
35
The similarity in language development between hearing and deaf children suggests:
the universality of language is based on common biology
36
Both hearing and deaf children process language in the:
left hemisphere
37
system of rules for social cooperation
pragmatics
38
limits on what can be spoken about, how to speak, and the listener's expectations about how the info will be presented
pragmatics
39
describes the nonverbal elements that are used to coordinate with the spoken sentence to convey the message
pragmatics
40
Animals do not naturally posses language. T/F?
True
41
What are the 3 language universals we talked about in class?
phonological, syntactic, and language-learning
42
In each language, a small set of about ___ sounds characterizes every language.
44
43
There are about _____ different consonants and _____ vowels in the entire range of human speech.
600; 200
44
The sounds of a typical language vary from ____ vowels and from ____ consonants.
2-25; 6-100
45
basic unit from which spoken language is composed
phoneme
46
how a phoneme is produced is determined by:
place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing
47
Speech sounds are the result of:
moving air from the lungs, over the vocal cords and the larynx in the throat, and into and then out of the mouth
48
to create a speech sound, the mouth must create an _____
obstacle
49
Of the 20 undergrads in Warren (1970) study where he read a sentence but coughed during one, eliminating it?
19
50
In Warren (1970), when asked to guess, how many of the participants chose the correct phoneme that was left out?
none
51
Many people have the impression that the words they hear are distinct, separate combinations of sound. Is this true?
no
52
relationship between words in a sentence (word order and phrase order)
syntax
53
Children all over the world acquire their native langage in the same age-related sequence. This is an example of _____universals.
language-learning
54
Speech Contours: The Cries of French and German Newborns
Infants become tuned to the prosody of the mother's language in the third trimester of pregnancy. When they are born, their cries capture distinguishing features of the speech sounds they heard in the womb. French infants tend to produce cries with a rising melody contour, whereas German infants tend to cry with a falling contour.
55
the rhythm, the stress, and the intonation pattern (singsong quality) of the voice
prosody
56
a universal form of interactions between infants and caregivers
turnabout
57
Infants around the world are _____prepared to sense the speech sounds of any language.
biologically
58
By the end of the first year, infants become ____ to speech sounds within their linguistic environment.
more sensitive
59
Benchmark step in langage development
0-6 weeks: crying
6-12 weeks: cooing (vowel-like)
20 weeks: cooing (consonant-like)
6 months: consonants (front to back), vowels (front to back)=babbling
12 months: frequent repetitions (mama/dada); clearly understands a few words, less than 50 words produced
18 months: produces less than 100 words (gimme cookie)
24 months: two word phrases; original phrases
3 yrs: 3, 000 word-vocan; 80 % understood by strangers
4 yrs: basic language limited in complexity and vocabulary (8000 words)
60
The typical child achieves a basic understanding of his or her language by age ______.
3-4 yrs
61
Language development begins with a semantic understanding and progresses to:
a grammatical understanding (syntax+semantics)
62
Children learn their native language merely by:
being in an environment in which their use of language has some utility
63
For most people, the _______ of the brain host major language centers.
left-hemisphere
64
Damage to the dominant hemisphere is more likely to disrupt ______ functioning.
language
65
Damage to non-dominant hemisphere is more likely to lead to difficulty understanding:
morals of a story, metaphors, and jokes
66
surgical removal of one of the cerebral hemispheres
hemispherectomy
67
Who is most likely to have prolonged brain damage? a 2 yr old or a 30 yr old?
30 year old
68
What are the 3 major centers directly related to language functioning?
Wernicke's area, the angular gyrus, and Broca's area
69
language disorders that follow brain injury caused by stroke, tumor, wound, or infection
aphasia
70
language disorder that involves lexical errors (word substitutions), difficulty comprehending speech, semantic, and lexical deficits
Wernicke's aphasia
71
language disorder that involves labored speech, word-finding pauses, loss of function words, disturbed word order, syntactic deficits
Broca's aphasia
72
language disorder where there is damage to the angular gyrus and you have difficulty recalling names
Anomic aphasia (aka anomia)
73
The ability to use ______ is a universal skill that nearly every adult possesses, regardless of background or intelligence.
language
74
A ________ exists when the goal state and the current state are different.
problem
75
__________ has occurred when the current state is transformed in to the goal state (you have achieved your goal).
Problem solving
76
a desired condition to be achieved
goal state
77
an ability to monitor whether reasoning is progressing correctly
metacognition
78
____________ is a critical aspect of all reasoning and problem solving tasks.
Metacognition
79
stages in problem solving
1. Understand the problem
2. Generate hypothesis
3. Test and evaluate the solutions
80
problem solving by working backwards
means-end analysis
81
problem solving method that involves minimizing the distance between the current and goal states
means-ends analysis
82
the idea that the approach to solving a problem is influenced by how the problem is contextualized or framed
framing
83
reflects how a situation's description influences the kind of representation the solver establishes, which can affect the methods used to solve the problem
framing
84
If you saw two meat products, one saying 75% lean and one saying 25% fat, which one seems better? Most people say 75% lean. This is an example of what?
framing
85
bias or tendency to solve problems in a particular way even when a different approach may be more productive
persistence of set (negative set)
86
taking a long break from trying to solve a problem is called:
incubation
87
when problems seem to be heading for failure, but then the problem solver suddenly perceives the problem (AHA! feeling)
insight
88
when we fail to see a new function for an object
functional fixedness
89
functional fixedness can depend on:
how the objects are verbally labeled, whether or not the person ever used the object, and age (young children suffer less from functional fixedness)
90
when people allow their personal knowledge and beliefs to affect their decisions as to whether or not a conclusion is logically valid
belief-bias effect
91
The Watson (1966) Selection Test
Participants see four squares and told to imagine these cards have a front and a back. On each of the cards is either a either a letter or a number. Participants job is to read the rule and decide which card or cards you'd like to flip over to see what is written on the other side in order to test a rule. Rule 1 is: If there is a vowel on one side, there is an even number on the other side. Then asked which card or cards would you like to turn over to see if this rule is true? After you make decision for Rule1, try the same situation for Rule 2. Rule 2 is: If you are drinking alcohol, you must be at least 21 years old. Which card or cards would you like to turn over to see if this rule is true? These are logically identical rules, yet people tend t turn over the 1st and 4th cards for Rule 1 and the 1st and 3rd cards for Rule 2.
92
Children process emotion in the _______, while adults process emotion in the ______.
amygdale; frontal lobes
93
What benchmark step in language development occurs at 0-6 weeks?
crying
94
What benchmark step in language development occurs at 6-12 weeks?
cooing (vowel-like)
95
What benchmark step in lanuage development occurs at 20 weeks?
cooing (consenant-like)
96
What benchmark step in language occurs at 12 months?
frequent repititions (mama/dada); clearly understands a few words; less thatn 50 words produced
97
10 month language benchmark
produces less than 100 words (gimmee cookies)
98
24 month language benchmark
2 word original phrases
99
Broca's area
left prefrontal cortex
100
angular gyrus and Wenicke's area
auditory cortex and parietal lobe
101
a solution that guarantees a solution and consists of a clearly defined set of rules or procedures that, if given enough time, will always solve a problem
algorithm
102
shortcuts or rules of thumb that people use to determine the liklihood of outcomes (they often lead to a correct solution but occasionally fail)
heuristics
103
heuristic that happens when problem solvers judge the likelihood of an event, not by the standard method for calculating probabilities, but rather by how similar that event is to another event of known probability
representativeness
104
Representativeness is influenced by:
insensitivity to sample size and stereotypes/beliefs
105
heuristic used when you estimate the frequency or probability in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of something (ease of retrieval)
availability
106
Availability is influenced by:
recency, frequency, familiarity, general world knowledge, and salience/vividness
107
When people are asked what causes more deaths, shark attacks or flying airplane parts, they usually say shark attacks. What heuristic is this an example of?
availability
108
hueristic that is the use of ease of retrieval as the basis for judging frequency
availability
109
the ease at which you can think of a particular scenario or series of events; the forecasting of how some event will turn out or how it might have turned out under differnet circumstances
simulation heuristic
110
remove a surprising or otherwise unusual event from a scenario
downhill change
111
in undoing heuristics, bringing some new and unlikely event into the story
uphill change
112
replace part of a scenario with another of comparable liklihood
horizontal change
113
the after-the-fact judgment that some event was very likely to happen or was very predictable, even though it wasn't predicted to happen before
hindsight bias
