exam 1

Question 1

2 perspectives in physiological psychology/ explanations of behavior

Answer 1

1. proximate: focus on physiological cause of behavior (how) ex. touch oven, pull had away- reflex arc
2. evolutionary: focus on adaptive value of a behavior (why) ex. tough oven, pull hand away- for survival/ protection

Question 2

2 basic types of cells that makeup the brain

Answer 2

neurons and glial cells

Question 3

glia are about ____ the size of a neuron

Answer 3

1/10

Question 4

____billion neurons in the brain

Answer 4

85-100

Question 5

there are about ___ glia for every neuron in the brain

Answer 5

10

Question 6

do neurons or glia undergo mitosis?

Answer 6

glia! neurons do NOT

Question 7

3 basic functional types of neurons

Answer 7

1. sensory neurons: receives sensory info (afferent)
2. motor neuron: sends signals to muscles and glands (efferent)
3. interneurons: neurons in the CNS, connections between different parts of the body

Question 8

sensory neurons are (efferent of afferent)

Answer 8

afferent

Question 9

motor neurons are (efferent or afferent)

Answer 9

efferent

Question 10

microtubules

Answer 10

transport molecules from cells body to the presynaptic endings

Question 11

microtubule transport

Answer 11

motor proteins walk along outside of microtubule, along surface, not through the inside
-carries the neurotransmitter from the cell body to the presynaptic endings

Question 12

part of a motor neuron (to identify)

Answer 12

dendrite, nucleus, soma/cell body, dendritic spurs, axon hillock, myelin sheath, axon, Node of ranvier, presynaptic terminals

Question 13

5 types of glia

Answer 13

1. astrocytes
2. microglia
3. radial glia
4. oligodendrocytes
5. schwann cells

Question 14

astrocytes

Answer 14

housekeeper cells and provide funtion

• -provides nutrition for the neuron
• -absorb excess neurotransmitter at the synapse
• -remove waste from neurons

Question 15

microglia

Answer 15

immune system for your brain

• -attack viruses and bacteria and remove dead cells
• -contributes to blood-brain barrier

Question 16

radial glia

Answer 16

provide structure for the migration of neurons during neural development
–transform to different type of glia after they fulfill role during development

Question 17

4 types of ions important in neural transmission

Answer 17

k+
Na+
A-
Cl-

Question 18

electrical charge of a neuron at resting potential

Answer 18

when extracellular fluid is positively charged and the axon is negatively charged (-60 to -70 mv relative to outside)

Question 19

polarized

Answer 19

there is an electrical difference across the cell membrane

Question 20

Sodium potassium pump

Answer 20

• active transport system–uses ATP (moves against concentration gradient)
• removes 3 Na+ and imports 2 K+, making the inside of the axon negative relative to the outside (-70mv)

Question 21

action potentials

Answer 21

once threshold is reached the action potential fires at full intensity

• -all or none
• -can travel long distances
• -associated with axons

Question 22

graded potentials

Answer 22

subthreshold changes in electrical current

• -associated with synaptic neural transmission in dendrites
• -travel short distances
• -less intense depolarization
• -all graded potentials in the dendrites are summed up at the axon hillock

Question 23

hyperpolarization

Answer 23

making the difference between positive and negative changes even greated

Question 24

depolarization

Answer 24

making the difference between positive and negative changes even less

Question 25

3 forces that cause ions to move

Answer 25

1. Sodium potassium pump 2. concentration gradient 3. electrical gradient

Question 26

all or none law

Answer 26

an action potential either fires at full intensity or not at all

Question 27

2 factors that influence the speed of action potentials

Answer 27

1. diameter (larger= faster) | 2. myelin or not (myelinated=faster)

Question 28

4 ways the post-synaptic potential is terminated

Answer 28

1. diffusion 2. reuptake 3. enzymatic deactivation 4. absorbed by astrocyte

Question 29

process of synaptic transmission

Answer 29

1. Action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal 2. calcium channels open and allow calcium to enter the presynaptic ending 3. calcium ions trigger the synaptic vessicles to migrate to the cell membrane, fuse with membrane and then break open 4. neurotransmitter enters the synaptic cleft and binds to the post-synaptic receptor 5. receptor opens and allows sodium and potassium ions into the cell 6. this produces a graded potential 7. neurotransmitter is the released

Question 30

agonist

Answer 30

facilitates the action of the neurotransmitter | ex. SSRIs-by blocking serotonin uptake an SSRI is a serotonin agonist

Question 31

antagonist

Answer 31

inhibits the action of the neurotransmitter ex. cuare attaches to a receptor site but doesn't open the gate, occupying the site blocking acetycolene from its normal action, so is an Ach antagonist

Question 32

5 ways drugs can disrupte synaptic transmission

Answer 32

1. drugs can cause a massive release of neurotransmitter (agonist) ex. ecstasy causes flooding of serotonin 2. drugs can make synaptic vessicles leaky so the NT leaks out (antagonist) ex. reserpine for ADHD 3. drugs can occupy the receptor site and not activate the gate (antagonist) ex. cuare- blocks Ach 4. drugs can mimic the neurotransmitter (agonist) ex. opioids mimic endorphins 5. drugs can inhibit reuptake of NT (antagonist) ex. SSRI inhibits reuptake of serotonin

Question 33

EPSPs

Answer 33

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential - -Na+ enters, Cl- leaves - depolarizes the cell

Question 34

IPSPs

Answer 34

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential | --K+ leaves, Cl- enters

Question 35

Ionic post-synaptic receptors

Answer 35

mechanism=receptor + gate together

Question 36

Metabotropic Post-synaptic receptors

Answer 36

mechanism= receptor + gate separately | -second messenger (this is the more complicated one)

Question 37

Structural components of a synpase

Answer 37

calcium channels, synaptic vessicles, synaptic cleft, post-synaptic receptors, pre-synaptic ending, segment of dendrite ----neurons can synapse anywhere

Question 38

How does MS disrupt neural transmission?

Answer 38

this is a demyelinating disease so the action potential travels dwon the axon, disipating as it goes, it recharges at each Node of Ranvier or between myelin but when there is a break in the myelin the impulse cannot depolarize and dies out

Question 39

Basic reflex arc

Answer 39

sensory: directs stimulus--> interneuron:(in spinal cord)connects sensory andmotor--> motor neuron: produces action/contracts muscle

Question 40

How a neuron "decides" whether to fire or not

Answer 40

charges sum up at the axon hillock and if significant enough it fires

Question 41

How action potential is propagated down an axon--MYELINATED

Answer 41

saltatory conduction/jump --as Na+ travels down axon but slow down as they go, Action potentials occur at the Nodes of Ranvier, sending ions again=passive conduction

Question 42

How action potential is propagated down an axon-- UNMYELINATED

Answer 42

domino effect, slower | --successive depolarizations occur as current travels down axon--gates are voltage dependent

Question 43

oligodendrocytes

Answer 43

forms the myelin sheath around axons in CNS (1 can wrap around multiple fibers)

Question 44

schwann cells

Answer 44

provides myelin sheath in PNS (1 can only wrap around 1 fiber)