Exam 1

Question 1

stomach

Answer 1

epigastric

Question 2

agenesis/aplasia

Answer 2

failure of an organ (or pair of organs) to develop at all

Question 3

neoplasm

Answer 3

abnormal mass of tissue growing autonomously

Question 3

tissue cell damage

Answer 3

potassium, histamine, prostaglandins, substance P

Question 3

appendix/small intestine

Answer 3

periumbilical

Question 4

ureters

Answer 4

groin & inner thighs

Question 5

benign neoplasm

Answer 5

well circumscribed border compresses surrounding tissue often has fibrous capsule usually well differentiated does NOT metastasize

Question 6

hypoplasia

Answer 6

partial development of an organ; results in functional deficiency

Question 7

hypertrophy

Answer 7

enlargement of a tissue or organ due to enlargement of individual cells; tissue contains permanent non-dividing cells

Question 8

metaplasia

Answer 8

change of 1 cell type to another cell type in response to a chronically irritating or injurious stimulus; involves change in differentiation

ex: Barrett’s esophagus

Question 8

neoplastic differentiation

Answer 8

degree that the neoplasm is similar to normal cells in appearance and function

Question 9

scar

Answer 9

accumulation of collagen produced by fibroblasts

Question 10

pain modulation

Answer 10

influences on the transmission; dampening of pain (regulation)

Question 11

pain transduction

Answer 11

conversion of the noxious (mechanical) stimulus to electrical activity at receptor

Question 13

Oncology

Answer 13

study of tumors

Question 14

liver-gallbladder

Answer 14

right costal margin radiating to back/right shoulder

Question 14

ovaries

Answer 14

periumbilical

Question 15

repair

Answer 15

combination of regeneration and scaring

Question 16

tumor

Answer 16

(neoplasm) previously associated with inflammation as area of swelling due to edema

Question 16

pain transmission

Answer 16

transmission of that impulse from an afferent receptor to the CNS

Question 17

rectum

Answer 17

low back radiating to posterior thigh and calf

Question 18

t cells and marcophages damage

Answer 18

cytokines

Question 19

atrophy

Answer 19

shrinkage of tissue or organ that has formed and matured normally

Question 19

Cancer

Answer 19

malignant neoplasm; derived from the word “crab”

Question 21

dysplasia

Answer 21

disordered growth typically occurring in epithelial cells which results in variation of cellular size and shape, as well as loss of architectural orientation; cell nuclei may be darker and larger than normal (many progress to cancer)

Question 21

pain perception

Answer 21

subjective experience of pain in the brain

Question 22

heart

Answer 22

substernal radiating to back, inner aspect of arm

Question 24

carcinoma

Answer 24

malignant tumors of epithelial origin

Question 25

activation of nociceptors

Answer 25

pain producing chemicals are released in the area of tissue damage (chemicals depend on type of tissue/cell damaged)

Question 27

pain threshold

Answer 27

point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain

Question 28

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 28

malignant tumor of epithelial origin with squamous cell differentiation

Question 30

spread through lymphatics

Answer 30

cancer spreads into lymphatic vessels at tumor margin and follows route of lymph drainage Ex: Breast cancer

Question 31

adenoma

Answer 31

benign epithelial tumor forming a glandular pattern histologically or derived from a gland; came sometimes secrete hormones

Question 32

pain tolerance

Answer 32

maximum intensity or duration endured

Question 33

regeneration

Answer 33

replacement of lost cells with similar cells in function and structure

Question 34

mast cells damage

Answer 34

bradykinin

Question 35

malignant neoplasm

Answer 35

ragged border infiltrated and invades surrounding tissue invades capsule if present poorly, moderately, or well differentiated may metastasize

Question 37

sarcoma

Answer 37

malignant tumors that originate from supportive tissue (mesenchymal origin)

Question 39

prostate

Answer 39

periumbilical & groin/scrotum or penis

Question 40

spreading through bv (hematogenous spread)

Answer 40

spread through veins- easy for a cancer cells to invade wall of vein bc they have thinner walls Ex: spread of colon cancer thru portal vein

Question 41

hyperplasia

Answer 41

enlargement of a tissue or organ due to increase in cell number often caused by hormonal stimulation; is NOT NEOPLASTIC GROWTH, in which there is an abnormal mass of tissue growing autonomously

Question 42

Diaphragm

Answer 42

ipsilateral shoulder/neck