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Clin Path > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system

A

a system of organs; that by the way of hormones, coordinate and influence other body systems in order to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that influence activity of target cells
produced by ductless glands
travel via the bloodstream

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3
Q

neurohormones

A

produced by specialized neurons

stored in bulb like terminals; released into capillaries and travel to target organs

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4
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin)

A 
conserve water (water retention by the kidneys)
constricts arterioles (raises blood pressure)
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5
Q

oxytocin

A 
stimulates uterine contraction durin labor
milk ejection (nursing)
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6
Q

posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

A

neural tissue; stores hormones produced by hypothalamus; releases upon neural stimulation from hypothalamus

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7
Q

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

endocrine gland; produces hormones; connected to hypothalamus by portal vessels
regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus and by feedback from t.organ

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8
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

promotes linear growth of bones, muscle mass, and organ size, decreases fat mass, increases blood glucose

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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates production and secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex:
cortisol and aldosterone: adrenal lecture
androgens: libido, secondary sex characteristics in females

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10
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates breast development, milk production and release, inhibits ovulation

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11
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones (t3/t4) by thyroid gland

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12
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Females: stimulates follicle development and estrogen production by ovaries
Males: stimulates sperm maturation in testes

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13
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Females: stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum. Stimulates estrogen and progesterone production by ovaries
Males: Stimulates testosterone production in testes; important for development of sperm and male secondary sex characteristics

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14
Q

hyposecretion of hormones

A

agenesis, atrophy, destruction

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15
Q

hypersecretion of hormones

A

secreting tumor, hyperplasia

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16
Q

primary endocrine disorder

A

defects within the hormone-secreting target gland

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17
Q

secondary endocrine disorder

A

abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary secretion

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18
Q

hypopituitarism (hyposecretion of ant. pituitary hormones)

A

hyposecretion of pituitary hormones

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19
Q

hypopituitarism cause

A

pituitary adenoma (most common cause in adults); nonsecreting pituitary tumor; destroys functioning pituitary tissue; (others)

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20
Q

hypopituitarism clinical consequences

A

hypogonadism-due to low FSH and LH (most common); premenopausal females: menstrual disorders, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, decreased libido, infertility, breast shrinkage;
males: loss of sexual function, loss of secondary sex characteristics (decrease in muscles mass and facial and body hair), infertility

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21
Q

hypopituitarism clinical consequence 2

A 
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency
-children-short stature (decrease growth in long bones)
-adults: (abnormal body composition-increased fat, decreased muscle mass)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency (hypothyroidism)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency (adrenal insufficiency)
Prolactin deficiency (failure of milk production)
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22
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

loss of all anterior pituitary hormones

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23
Q

hypersecretion of Ant. pituitary hormones cause

A

hypersecreting pituitary adenoma; each tumor secretes a specific pituitary hormone

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24
Q

hypersecretion of ant pituitary hormones consequences

A

increased ACTH:Cushing’s syndrome
increased TSH: hyperthyroidism
increased Prolactin (prolactinoma)
increased growth hormone: gigantism; acromegaly

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25
acromegaly
coarse facial features, cardiovascular complications, musculoskeletal problems
26
increases glycogen formation
decrease blood glucose conc
27
decreases glycogenolysis
decrease blood glucose conc
28
increases glucose uptake into cells
decrease blood glucose conc
29
decreases gluconeogenesis
decreases blood glucose conc
30
increases protein synthesis (anabolic)
decrease blood amino acid conc
31
increases fat deposition
decrease blood fatty acid conc
32
decreases lipolysis
decrease blood ketoacid conc
33
increases K+ uptake into cells
decrease blood K+ conc
34
pancreatic somatostatin
inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon; modulates the response of these hormones to the ingestion of food
35
amylin
decreased in insulin-dependent diabetics; decreases postprandial blood glucose
36
incretins
released by si in response to food: GLP-1; increases insulin secretion; delays gastric emptying and decreases food intake
37
Counterregulatory hormones: hypoglycemia
glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and catecholamines (epinephrine)
38
pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent: genetic factors, environmental factors, autoimmunity (insulitis early and fibrosis late)
39
secondary causes of diabetes
endocrine diseases, diseases of the exocrine pancreas, drug-induced, viral infections, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
40
metabolic derangements of type 1 diabetes
polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria
41
pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
non-insulin dependent: genetic factors, obesity, beta cell defect, alpha cell defect; less ketone prone (amyloid late)
42
ketoacidosis
due to severe insulin deficiency; marked hyperglycemia and glycosuria, increase in lipolysis & ketoacids; acidosis
43
Nonketotic hyperosmolar state
mild insulin deficiency; gradual onset, severe hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality, no ketosis or metabolic acidosis, higher mortality
44
hypoglycemia
epinephrine related symptoms (sweating, shakiness, palpitations, headache).... CNS related symptoms (altered mental status, stupor, coma, seizures, permanent brain damage, death)
45
microvascular complications of diabetes
retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
46
macrovascular complications of diabetes
heart, brain, peripheral vasculature
47
zona glomerulosa
secretes mineralocorticoids; end product is aldosterone
48
zona fasciculata
secretes glucocorticoids; end product is cortisol
49
zona reticularis
secrets androgens; DHEA and androstenedione
50
ACTH dependent (increased ACTH)
pituitary adenoma and solid tumors (oat cell carcinoma of lung)
51
ACTH independent (decrease ACTH)
adrenal adenoma & carcinoma (atrophy), and exogenous glucocorticoid administration
52
primary adrenal insufficiency
ACTH levels are high (to compensate for low cortisol); Addison's disease, infection, infiltrative
53
secondary adrenal insufficiency
ACTH levels are low due to exogenous corticosteroid administration
54
loss of glucocorticoids
hypoglycemia
55
loss of mineralocorticoids
hypovolemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
56
loss of adrenal androgens
decreased axillary and pubic hair in women; menstrual irregularities
57
increased ACTH levels (primary adrenal insufficiency)
hyperpigmentation (addison's disease)
58
aldosterone functions
retention of sodium by the kidney, enhanced exretion of potassium by the kidney, enhanced excretion of hydrogen ion by the kidney
59
primary aldosteronism (conn's syndrome)
aldosterone producing adenoma or hyperplasia; increase BP and decrease serum (K+), metabolic alkalosis, no edema; high plasma aldosterone, low plasma renin
60
secondary aldosteronism
hypovalemia, CHF, nephrotic synd, cirrhosis (high plasma renin)
61
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
21 hydroxylase deficiency-most common; excess androgen secretion; decreased cortisol and aldosterone secretion (masculinization); high ACTH due to low cortisol levels
62
adrenal medulla disorder: pheochromocytoma
increase catecholamines = increase BP (10% rule)
63
T3 and T4
T3 is more potent T3 and T4= bound to plasma proteins (TBG) Only free fractions are biologically active; alterations of binding protein levels affect total T4 and T3 but not free T4 and T3
64
Actions of thyroid hormones
Growth, CNS development, Cardiovascular, metabolism
65
TSH measurement
used to determine thyroid gland function
66
Hyperthyroidism
increase in T4 and gland fxn
67
Thyrotoxicosis
increase in T4 from any source
68
Primary hyperthyroidism
graves disease, goiter, adenoma or cancer
69
secondary hyperthyroidism
tsh-secreting tumor, ectopic T4 (ovarian tumor)
70
primary hypothyroidism
congenital, hashimoto's thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, thyroidectomy
71
secondary hypothyroidism
hypopituitarism (decrease TSH); hypothalamic lesion (decrease TRH)
72
Grave's disease
thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin binds to gland and mimics TSH (exopthalmos, pretibial myxedema) most common in young women
73
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
autoimmune t-cell mediated gland injury; most common cause in USA, painless goiter
74
hyperthyroidism symp
anxious, tremor, tachycardia, heat intolerance, diarrhea, weight loss
75
hypothyroidism symp
sluggish, tired, bradycardia, cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain
76
thyroid fxn tests-hyperthyroidism
increase RAI, decrease in TSH
77
thyroid fxn tests-hypothyroidism
decrease RAI
78
thyroid neoplasm-adenomas
benign, painless; most nonfunctioning (cold) some functioning (hot)
79
thyroid neoplasm-carcinomas
most nonfunctioning (cold); frequency: papillary>follicular>medullary (aggressiveness: medullary>follicular>papillary)

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