Exam 1 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
earliest attempts at treating mental disorders; cutting a hole in the skill while person was alive in order to allow the demonic spirits to exit; happened in the stone age (prehistoric times); based on the idea of the baby’s soft spot; possession dominated thinking about abnormal behavior
A
trephining
2
Q
father of early medicine; responsible for: emergence of scientific viewpoint (clinical observation); early attempts at classification with biological explanations; four humors; brain is important to feelings and behaviors; hiseria in women caused by a wandering uterus; women were simple and not complicated
A
Hippocrates (460-377 BCE)
3
Q
responsible for: early mapping of nervous system and how it related to psychological disorders; autopsies; scientific approach (biological basis); causes of psychological disorders (physical and mental)
A
Galen (CE 130-200)
4
Q
very unspecific time in history; supernatural explanations for mental disorders; clergy managed mental illness; mass madness (caused by demonic spirits); mentally ill as witches (witchcraft) (not always); scientific aspect of Greek medicine survived in Islamic countries; Avicenna of Arabia
A
Middle Ages in Europe (CE 500-1500)
5
Q
wrote The Cannon of Medicine and advocated for the treatment of the mentally ill
A
Avicenna of Arabia (980-1037 AD)
6
Q
time period of resurgence of scientific questioning; time of Paracelsus and Weyer; establishment of asylums that were basically storage places with deplorable conditions, violent patients on display for the public (like animals), and unethical treatments
A
sixteenth century
7
Q
said that mental illness was not demonic
A
Paracelsus
8
Q
wrote about poor treatment of the mentally ill, but did not talk about helping them; one of the first to specialize in mental illness; not well respected and made fun of
A
Weyer
9
Q
When did asylums emerge in the US?
A
mid 18th century
10
Q
Which 2 people are associated with the humanitarian reform?
A
Pinel and Tuke
11
Q
gave patients better conditions; not geared towards treatment
A
Pinel
12
Q
believed that all should be treated with kindness; set up retreat center
A
Tuke
13
Q
What were the 2 important movements in America in the 19th century?
A
Moral management and mental hygiene movement
14
Q
movement of 19th century that focused on the social, individual, and occupational needs of mental patients; focused on what could be helpful
A
moral management
15
Q
movement of 19th century that was extremely influential in reforming mental institutions; focused on taking care of patient’s physical needs; overshadowed other 19th century movement
A
mental hygiene movement
16
Q
built mental institutions that eventually became crowded so conditions became bad; influential in reforming mental institutions
A
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
17
Q
a book about the conditions in mental institutions; inspired deinstitutionalization in the 20th century
A
The Snake Pit
18
Q
What were the purposes of the National Institute on Health (1946)?
A
fund research, train doctors, inform public
19
Q
What was created under the Community Health Services Act (1963)? What happened because of it?
A
outpatient facilities, inpatient psych units in hospitals; under-funded thus leaving people homeless or in jail
20
Q
What are the 4 major developments of the contemporary view of abnormal psychology?
A
- biological discoveries
- development of classification system
- development of psychological basis of mental disorders
- experimental psychology
21
Q
What was the Kraft-Ebbing experiment (1897)?
A
major breakthrough for establishment of biological cause of mental disorders; general paresis patients injected with fluids from syphillis patients; found that paresis patients already had syphillis because they had no reaction; possible concrete biological cause
22
Q
What happened in the case of Phineas Gage?
A
rod passed through the ventromedial region of his frontal lobe; experienced personality changes; initiated neuropsychological studies
23
Q
What does the ventromedial region of the frontal lobe control and when does it develop?
A
rational decision making and emotional processing; developed in mid 20’s
24
Q
wrote Compendum der Psychiatrie which was a book about different types of psychological symptoms; emphasized brain pathology in mental disorders; created a system of classification for mental disorders; each type was distinct; said we can only study the course of these disorders, not treat them
A
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)
25
introduced mesmerism; magnets responsible for mental disorders; known for weird treatments; not well respected, made fun of
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
26
introduced hypnosis; followers believed hysteria was self-hypnosis; led to debate over whether mental disorders were biologically or pyschologically based; thought that maybe hypnosis could cure mental disorders
The Nancy School
27
known for developing psychoanalysis; first attempt to explain psychological origins of abnormal behavior; processes outside a person's awareness can determine behavior; worked on children
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
28
father of modern day psychology; established first psychology lab in Germany; studied memory and sensation; many students brought his ideas to the US; monumental in psychology study, even today
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
29
Who had the idea of classical conditioning? operant conditioning? behaviorism?
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
John Watson
30
Elements of abnormality:
1. Is the behavior uncommon or rare?
2. What is abnormal is culturally relative
3. Does the behavior cause distress?
4. Does the behavior affect others?
5. Does the behavior lead to impairment or interfere with life?
6. Does the behavior cause difficulties for others?
7. We did not discuss this element in lecture
1. statistical deviancy
2. violation of standards of society
3. suffering
4. social discomfort
5. maladaptiveness
6. irrationality or unpredictability
7. dangerousness
31
What is the limitation for statistical deviancy? Suffering?
some disorders are not rare and not all rare behaviors cause problems; everyone experiences stress from time to time
32
existed since 1952, classifies symptoms/disorders; first version was based on psychodynamic theory; tried to make it theoretical; currently we use the 5th edition; groups disorders by category; contains checklist of observable symptoms
DSM
33
What are the 4 criteria that must be met in the DSM-5 to classify someone as having a mental disorder?
1. clinically significant syndrome
2. distress or disability (impaired functioning)
3. not culturally sanctioned (culture taken into account)
4. considered to reflect behavioral, psychological, biological disfunction
34
What do we classify disorders (4 reasons)?
provides nomenclature for structuring information, facilitates communication (between clinicians, in court of law); facilitates research; practical reasons (insurance, resource allocations)
35
What is the downfall of classifying disorders in the DSM (4 things)?
it can impede research that is out of the box, if we only focus on DSM disorders, we may miss other less common disorders/symptoms; stigmatization; loss of information; diagnostic categories are heterogeneous
36
What are the 4 main criticisms of the DSM?
1. disorders may not truly be categorical
2. arbitrary cutoffs (no continuum)
3. lack of theory about etiology (symptoms but no causes)
4. lack of scientific support (lack of research)
37
study of the cause of a disorder
etiology
38
something that has to happen for something else to occur, but is not enough on its own
necessary cause
39
something that on its own will get the job done, but is not necessary
sufficient cause
40
something that increases the likelihood of something occurring, but is neither necessary or sufficient
contributory cause
41
something that occurs early on before onset
distal cause
42
something that occurs relatively close to the onset
proximal cause
43
_______ and ______ causes are not mutually exclusive. Some symptoms can be both ________ and _______
distal and proximal; necessary and sufficient
44
The relations between causal factors and psychopathology are _______
reciprocal
45
What is the goal of etiological research?
to identify factors that can help improve treatment or prevention efforts
46
model that states that vulnerability + negative event = disorder
diathesis stress model
47
submodel of the diathesis stress model that needs some amount of diathesis before stress will have any effect; diathesis is necessary for disorder
interactive model
48
submodel of diathesis stress model that says that diathesis and stress sum together; high diathesis needs less stress for disorder to occur
additive model
49
viewpoint for understanding psychopathology that states that there is a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors; widely accepted
bio-psycho-social model
50
viewpoint for understanding psychopathology that states that disorders are diseases of the NS and endocrine systems inherited or caused by pathological processes; not the result of neurological damage but rather abnormality; biological factors interact with psychological and sociocultural factors
biological viewpoint
51
What are the 5 causes of disorders according to the biological viewpoint?
1. neurotransmitter abnormalities
2. hormone abnormalities
3. genetic vulnerabilities
4. temperment
5. brain dysfunction and neural plasticity
52
This biological cause of disorders deals with abnormality in the communication of neurons and chemical imbalances; too much production, dysfunction in deactivations, problems with receptors
neurotransmitter abnormalities
53
biological cause of disorders dealing with NS linked with endocrine system, pituitary gland, HPA axis (stress response system, problems related to PTSD and depression), sex hormones
hormone abnormalities
54
biological cause of disorders dealing with chromosomal abnormalities (affects many genes, ex. Trisomy 21 Down's Syndrome), gene abnormality (usually polygenic), genotype vs. phenotype, twin studies
genetic vulnerabilities
55
how genes shape the environment; include passive effect (parents provide environment), evocative effect (genes make you behave in a certain way, pull response from others), active effect (shaping environment, seeking out)
genotype-environment correlation
56
genes impact sensitivity/vulnerability to environment
genotype-environment interaction
57
percentage of twins sharing disorder or trait in twin studies
concordance
58
What are the critiques of twin studies?
parents emphasize differences in twins, monozygotic twins are treated more alike
59
biological cause of disorders dealing with a child's characteristic emotional and arousal response to various stimuli; believed to form the basis of personality; interactions with environment; kagen's research (behavioral inhibition = risk factor for anxiety disorders)
temperment
60
biological cause of disorders dealing with the fact that subtle differences in certain brain structures or function have been linked to various disorders
brain dysfunction and neural plasticity
61
flexibility of the brain in making changes in organization and/or function in response to pre or post natal experiences, stress, diet, drugs, etc.; rat study (enriched vs. impoverished environments)
neural plasticity
62
theory developed by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes early childhood experiences and the unconscious; theory of personality (id, ego, superego), anxiety and defense mechanisms, psychosexual stages of development
Psychoanalytic theory
63
In the psychoanalytic theory of personality, what do the id, ego, and superego represent?
```
id = instinctive desires, drives, pleasure
ego = controls id, reality
superego = conscience (moral reasoning)
```
64
In the psychoanalytic theory of personality, _______ arises because different goals are being sought after within an individual
internal conflict
65
According to the psychoanalytic theory of personality, _____ and _____ play a key role in a person's life. If anxiety is expressed, the ______ handles it. If not, it is left in the unconscious and cannot be dealt with rationally.
fear and apprehension; ego
66
What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development and what happens during each?
1. oral stage (nursing, sucking, etc.)
2. anal stage (toilet training)
3. phallic stage (oedipus complex (boys) and electra complex (girls))
4. latency period (nothing)
5. genital stage (sexual relationships)
67
Appropriate gratification is important in each psychosexual stage, or a person will _______
get stuck in one stage
68
develops when ego doesn't delay gratification or make use of defense mechanisms
ego psychology
69
theory with a focus on interactions with people and relationships that people experience between external and internal objects; interest in inner images of self and others; introjection
object-relations theory
70
perspective stating that we are social creatures, thus we are a product of our relationships; we are motivated by a desire to belong and participate in a group (when maladaptive, psychopathology occurs)
interpersonal perspective
71
theory that stresses the importance of early childhood experience, particularly attachment relationships and the importance of parental care quality and development of secure attachments
attachment theory
72
What was Harry Harlow (1905-1981) known for?
monkey experiments: monkeys given choice between cloth mother (no food) and wire mother (food)
73
What was Harry Harlow criticized for?
His experiments may not generalize to humans
74
What was Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999) known for?
Strange situation experiments; child attachment styles
75
attachment style in which the child explores when mom is there but checks in, is distressed when mom leaves, and glad when mom returns; associated with an available mom; best attachment style
secure
76
attachment style in which the child clings to mom when she is there, is furious when mom leaves, and angry when she returns; associated with mom who is engaged on her own terms
anxious
77
attachment style in which the child could care less about the mom when she is there, doesn't react when she leaves, and ignores when she returns; associated with disengaged mom
avoidant
78
What is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
overemphasis of sex drive
79
these perspectives started as a reaction to the approaches of early psychodynamic perspective; originally in lab settings
behavioral perspectives
80
What is the central theme of behaviorism?
learning
81
the modification of behavior as a consequence of experiences
learning
82
What are the 3 main theories/perspectives of the behavioral perspective?
1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
3. observational learning
83
process by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a specific response; unconditioned stimulus (elicits response in beginning); unconditioned response (happens automatically in beginning); conditioned stimulus (elicits response after training); conditioned response (happens after training)
classical conditioning
84
realization, slowing of conditioned response, unlearning
extinction
85
learning process
acquisition
86
start of conditioned response again with conditioned stimulus present
spontaneous recovery
87
What experiment was James Watson known for and what theory/perspective did this apply to?
Little Albert and white rats; classical conditioning
88
when similar things to the conditioned stimulus are presented, the conditioned response still occurs
generalization
89
irrational fear of a specific stimulus
phobia
90
What are the limitations of classical conditioning?
non-random distribution, not all remember traumatic event
91
this process deals with reinforcement vs. punishment and negative vs. positive; stimulus occurs after response
operant (instrumental) conditioning
92
increase in behavior by adding pleasure
positive reinforcement
93
decrease in behavior by adding adverse element
positive punishment
94
increase in behavior by removing adverse element
negative reinforcement
95
decrease in behavior by removing pleasure
negative punishment
96
learning to discriminate between similar stimuli
discrimination
97
learning through observation alone without direct experience
observational learning
98
What was Albert Bandura's famous study?
Bobo doll experiment (1960s)
99
What was the criticism of the behavioral perspectives?
focused on symptoms, not causes; animal studies oversimplify human behavior
100
reaction to simplicity of behavioral perspective; failure to tend to mental processes on influence of behavior and emotion
cognitive-behavioral perspective
101
said that people learn more by internal reinforcement by visualization of consequences; self-efficacy; thoughts affect feelings and behaviors and serves as a mediator
Albert Bandura
102
Belief that one can achieve their goals
self-efficacy
103
underlying representation of knowledge that guides the current processing of information; influenced by temperament, abilities, and experiences; vital to ability to engage in effective/organized behavior; can be the source of psychological vulnerabilities when distorted or inaccurate; difficult to modify, new learning experiences help
schemas
104
working new experiences into existing schemas; reinterpretation, distortion; ex. child mistakes cow for dog
assimilation
105
changing existing framework to incorporate new information that doesn't fit into schemas; being flexible, adaptive; different forms of psychopathology characterized by maladaptive schemas as a function of adverse early learning experiences; we strive for this
accommodation
106
we try to make sense of things that happen to us by assigning causes
attribution theory
107
characteristic way in which people assign causes to good and bad events
attributional styles
108
People with _____ attribute bad events to internal, global, and stable causes to negative situations
depression
109
Who is associated with cognitive therapy (most empirically validated treatments)?
Aaron Beck
110
What are the criticisms of the cognitive behavioral perspective?
cognitions cannot be directly observed, difficult to measure empirically
111
perspective of psychopathology that deals with sociology and anthropology; individual development reflects that of larger society as well as immediate family groups; society and culture can influence how we assess particular disorders; most symptoms of psychopathology are universal with different prevalence rates; society and culture can influence expression of specific disorders and how people differ in types of stress; society and culture can influence treatment seeking
sociocultural perspective
112
What are the 4 sociocultural causal factors?
1. Low SES
2. Prejudice/discrimination
3. social change and uncertainty
4. urban stressors: violence and homelessness
113
Classifying abnormal behavior is important because ... (2 reasons)
it allows for the planning of treatment, full assessment of all problems patient is experiencing is extremely important
114
How clinicians, using psychological tests, observations, and interviews develop summaries of symptoms and problems; formal procedures used; clinicians as problem solvers
clinical assessments
115
Results from one assessment (should. should not) be used to make a diagnosis.
should not
116
Clinical assessments should include what 2 things?
1. social and behavioral histories
| 2. assessment instruments
117
Assessments should be ________, which means they are reliable and valid
psychometrically sound
118
instrument gives same result every time; consistency
reliability
119
extent to which instrument measures what it is meant to measure (accuracy)
validity
120
Reliability is________ for validity, but it is not _______
necessary, sufficient
121
multicultural assessment-cultural competence; language issues, values and customs, use assessment procedures adapted for culturally diverse clients; ex. eye contact across cultures
culturally sensitive assessment procedures
122
having a good relationship with a client
rapport
123
often used to rule out medical induced psychopathology
physical exams
124
neurological exam that studies anomolies in brain structure, such as tumors and physical damage
CAT scan
125
neurological exam with better resolution than a CAT scan but also looks at brain structure, uses magnets
MRI scan
126
neurological exam that assesses brain waves during wake and sleep cycles; brain activity and function; sleep problems; not completely precise; good temporal resolution (time)
EEG
127
neurological exam that allows assessment of functional aspects of the brain, such as metabolic changes in the brain; expensive and requires ingestion of radioactive substance; good spacial resolution
PET scan
128
neurological exam that is an improved upon MRI to allow assessments of the functional aspects of the brain; uses magnets; led to mapping of many different phenomena; does not require the ingestion of a radioactive substance; spacial resolution; uses same scanner as PET scan
fMRI
129
designed to measure cognition, perception, motor function; used as clues to extent and location of brain damage; well studied; commonly used to test for dementia, Alzheimer's, and TBIs; long batteries of tests
neuropsychological assessments
130
attempts to provide realistic picture of person's life, including the assessment of personality, stressors, level of functioning; resources, symptoms (pt.) and signs (dr.)
psychological assessments
131
What are the 2 main psychological assessment methods?
1. interviews
| 2. clinical observation
132
unstructured (naturalistic) vs. structured (SCID, booklet form); structured diagnostic interviews
interviews
133
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a structured interview?
Adv: no bias
Disadv: long and may not ask FU questions
134
more naturalistic psychological assessment method, but people behave differently in a clinical setting; role playing; self-monitoring; rating scales
clinical observation
135
Modern psychological tests tend to have what 3 things?
1. standardized set of procedures/scoring
2. empirically developed
3. more precise and reliable than interviews
136
What are the 2 types of psychological tests?
1. intelligence
| 2. personality (projective, objective)
137
provides estimates of overall intellectual capabilities; WISC-V and WAIS-IV are the most common (include verbal and nonverbal reasoning skills); can take 2-3 hours; used to help identify developmental disabilities (intellectual disability, pervasive developmental (e.g. autism), learning
intelligence tests
138
developed from psychodynamic perspective; major assumption - make sense of ambiguous stimuli; projects problems, motives, wishes into situation; present ambiguous stimuli or vague pictures; p's response believed to reflect personality characteristics
projective personality tests
139
discovered by Hermann Rorschach (developed) and John Exner (developed scoring system); training in scoring and interpretation of responses can take years; test takes an hour and a half or more; doesn't require much verbal ability and is studied for ages 5-80; people are more honest with their answers because there is no clear answer
Rorschach Inkblot
140
typically structured (questionnaires, self-report inventories, rating scales); empirically derived, often standaridized (psychometrically sound)
objective personality tests
141
most researched and more taught objective personality test; used internationally; contains validity scales and clinical scales; can detect bias/random responding; 2nd edition with 567 T/F questions, scored using standardized procedures to produce profiles, distinguish response patterns between normal and having particular diagnosis
MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
142
study of distribution of diseases, disorders, health-related behaviors in a given population; using treatment centers as samples is not a good sample because not all people seek help; not great data on how common disorders are with DSM 5
epidemiology
143
What are the 2 major studies of epidemiology?
1. epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) (5 major cities)
| 2. national comorbidity survey (NCS, NCS-R) (across US, more reliable)
144
number of active cases of a disorder in a population at a given time
prevalence
145
Prevalence/incidence:
1. have it right now (smallest number)
2. have had it in the past year
3. have had it at some point (largest number)
1. point
2. 1 year
3. lifetime
146
number of new cases occurring over given period of time (smaller number)
incidence
147
What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of any disorder?
46.6%
148
What are the 3 most prevalent groups of disorders from most common on?
anxiety
mood
substance abuse
149
What are the 3 most prevalent disorders from most common on?
major depressive disorder
alcohol abuse
specific phobia
social anxiety disorder
150
variables are correlated because of a third variable
spurious correlation
151
presence of two or more disorders in one person; NCS-R says that a person with a serious disorder has a 50% chance of having 2 or more additional disorders; difficult to figure out causes because of this
comorbidity
152
good starting point for gathering information; useful in developing hypotheses
case studies
153
What are the 3 main sources of information>
1. case studies
2. self-report data (questionnaires, interviews, etc,)
3. observational data (direct/indirect observation)
154
Research design that does not involve manipulation of variables; examines relationships between variables of interest; measuring relationships between variables; correlations (Pearson's r)
observational (correlational) design
155
research design with random assignment of participants to one condition; manipulate independent variable; observe effect on dependent variable; can make causal inferences; difficult to implement for abnormal psychology because of ethics, cannot manipulate certain things, participant cooperation
experimental design
